Sección: XVI MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF SUCH ARTICLES
Capítulo: 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, andparts and accessories of such articles
Chapter 85


Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof;
sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders
and reproducers, andparts and accessories of such articles

Notes.

1.- This Chapter does not cover:

(a) Electrically warmed blankets, bed pads, foot-muffs or the like; electrically warmed clothing, footwear or ear pads or other electrically warmed articles worn on or about the person;

(b) Articles of glass of heading 70.11;

(c) Machines and apparatus of heading 84.86;

(d) Vacuum apparatus of a kind used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences (heading 90.18); or

(e) Electrically heated furniture of Chapter 94.

2.- Headings 85.01 to 85.04 do not apply to goods described in heading 85.11, 85.12, 85.40, 85.41 or 85.42.

However, metal tank mercury arc rectifiers remain classified in heading 85.04.

3.- Heading 85.09 covers only the following electro-mechanical machines of the kind commonly used for domestic purposes :

(a) Floor polishers, food grinders and mixers, and fruit or vegetable juice extractors, of any weight;

(b) Other machines provided the weight of such machines does not exceed 20 kg.
4.- For the purposes of heading 85.23:

(a) “Solid-state non-volatile storage devices” (for example, “flash memory cards” or “flash electronic storage cards”) are storage devices with a connecting socket, comprising in the same housing one or more flash memories (for example, “FLASH E2PROM”) in the form of integrated circuits mounted on a printed circuit board. They may include a controller in the form of an integrated circuit and discrete passive components, such as capacitors and resistors;

(b) The term “smart cards” means cards which have embedded in them one or more electronic integrated circuits (a microprocessor, random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM)) in the form of chips. These cards may contain contacts, a magnetic stripe or an embedded antenna but do not contain any other active or passive circuit elements.

5.- For the purposes of heading 85.34 “printed circuits” are circuits obtained by forming on an insulating base, by any printing process (for example, embossing, plating-up, etching) or by the “ film circuit ” technique, conductor elements, contacts or other printed components (for example, inductances, resistors, capacitors) alone or interconnected according to a pre-established pattern, other than elements which can produce, rectify, modulate or amplify an electrical signal (for example, semiconductor elements).
6.- For the purpose of heading 85.36, “connectors for optical fibres, optical fibre bundles or cables” means connectors that simply mechanically align optical fibres end to end in a digital line system. They perform no other function, such as the amplification, regeneration or modification of a signal.

7.- Heading 85.37 does not include cordless infrared devices for the remote control of television receivers or other electrical equipment (heading 85.43).

8.- For the purposes of headings 85.41 and 85.42:

(a) “Diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices” are semiconductor devices the operation of which depends on variations in resistivity on the application of an electric field; (b) “Electronic integrated circuits” are:

9.- For the purposes of heading 85.48, “spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators” are those which are neither usable as such because of breakage, cutting-up, wear or other reasons, nor capable of being recharged.
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Subheading Note.

1.- Subheading 8527.12 covers only cassette-players with built-in amplifier, without built-in loudspeaker, capable of operating without an external source of electric power and the dimensions of which do not exceed 170 mm x 100 mm x 45 mm.

GENERAL


(A) SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER
This Chapter covers all electrical machinery and equipment, other than:

(a) Machinery and apparatus of a kind covered by Chapter 84, which remains classified there even if electric (see the General Explanatory Note to that Chapter).

and (b) Certain goods excluded from the Section as a whole (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI).

Contrary to the rules in Chapter 84, the goods of this Chapter remain classified here, even if they are of ceramic materials or glass, with the exception of glass envelopes (including bulbs and tubes) of heading 70.11.

This Chapter covers:

(1) Machines and apparatus for the production, transformation or storage of electricity, e.g., generators, transformers, etc. (headings 85.01 to 85.04) and primary cells (heading 85.06) and accumulators (heading 85.07).

(2) Certain domestic appliances (heading 85.09), and shavers, hair clippers and hair-removing appliances (heading 85.10).

(3) Certain machines and appliances which depend for their operation on the properties or effects of electricity, such as its electro-magnetic effects, heating properties, etc. (headings 85.05, 85.11 to 85.18, 85.25 to 85.31 and 85.43).

(4) Instruments and appliances for recording or reproducing sound; video recorders or reproducers; parts and accessories for such instruments and appliances (headings 85.19 to 85.22).

(5) Recording media for sound or similar recording of other phenomena (including video recording media, but excluding photographic or cinematographic films of Chapter 37) (heading 85.23).

(6) Certain electrical goods not generally used independently, but designed to play a particular role as components, in electrical equipment, e.g., capacitors (heading 85.32), switches, fuses, junction boxes, etc. (heading 85.35 or 85.36), lamps (heading 85.39), thermionic, etc., valves and tubes (heading 85.40), diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices (heading 85.41), electrical carbons (heading 85.45).

(7) Certain articles and materials which are used in electrical apparatus and equipment because of their conducting or insulating properties, such as insulated electric wire and assemblies thereof (heading 85.44), insulators (heading 85.46), insulating fittings and metal conduit tubing with an interior insulating lining (heading 85.47).

In addition to the electrical goods indicated above, the Chapter also covers permanent magnets, including those not yet magnetised, and permanent magnet work holders (heading 85.05).

It should, however, be noted that this Chapter covers only certain types of electro-thermic apparatus, e.g., furnaces, etc. (heading 85.14) and space heating equipment, domestic appliances, etc. (heading 85.16).

It should be further noted that certain electronic memory modules (e.g., SIMMs (Single In-line Memory Modules) and DIMMs (Dual In-line Memory Modules)) which cannot be regarded as products of heading 85.23 and do not have another individual function are to be classified by application of Note 2 to Section XVI as follows :

(a) modules suitable for use solely or principally with automatic data processing machines are to be classified in heading 84.73 as parts of those machines,

(b) modules suitable for use solely or principally with other specific machines or with a number of machines of the same heading are to be classified as parts of those machines or groups of machines, and

(c) where it is not possible to determine principal use, the modules are to be classified in heading 85.48.

In general, however, electrically heated apparatus falls in other Chapters (mainly in Chapter 84), for example : steam generating boilers and super-heated water boilers (heading 84.02), air conditioning machines (heading 84.15), roasting, distilling or other apparatus of heading 84.19, calendering or other rolling machines and cylinders therefor (heading 84.20), poultry incubators and brooders (heading 84.36), general purpose branding machines for wood, cork, leather, etc. (heading 84.79), medical apparatus (heading 90.18).


(B) PARTS
As regards parts in general, see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI.

Non-electrical parts of the machines or apparatus of this Chapter are classified as follows:

(i) Many are in fact articles falling in other Chapters (especially Chapter 84), for example, pumps and fans (heading 84.13 or 84.14), taps, cocks, etc. (heading 84.81), ball bearings (heading 84.82), transmission shafts, gearing, etc. (heading 84.83).

(ii) Other non-electrical parts suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of electrical machine of this Chapter (or with a number of machines falling in the same heading) are to be classified with that machine (or those machines) or, if appropriate, in heading 85.03, 85.22, 85.29 or 85.38.

(iii) Other non-electrical parts fall in heading 84.87.


85.01 Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets).


(I) ELECTRIC MOTORS

Electric motors are machines for transforming electrical energy into mechanical power. This group includes rotary motors and linear motors.

(A) Rotary motors produce mechanical power in the form of a rotary motion. They are of many types and sizes according to whether they operate on DC or AC, and according to the use or purpose for which they are designed. The motor housing may be adapted to the circumstances in which the motor will operate (e.g., dust proof, drip proof or flame proof motors; non-rigid mountings for belt driven motors, or for motors which will be subject to much vibration).

Many motors may incorporate a fan or other device for keeping the motor cool during running.

With the exception of starter motors for internal combustion engines (heading 85.11), the heading covers electric motors of all types from low power motors for use in instruments, clocks, time switches, sewing machines, toys, etc., up to large powerful motors for rolling mills, etc.

Motors remain classified here even when they are equipped with pulleys, with gears or gear boxes, or with a flexible shaft for operating hand tools.

The heading includes “outboard motors”, for the propulsion of boats, in the form of a unit comprising an electric motor, shaft, propeller and a rudder.

Synchronous motors for clock movements are classified here even if equipped with gears; however such synchronous motors also associated with a clock train are excluded (heading 91.09).

(B) Linear motors produce mechanical power in the form of a linear motion.

Linear induction motors consist essentially of one or more primary members composed of magnetic circuits, generally laminated (stack of magnetic laminations), on which coils are arranged and of a secondary member, usually in the form of a plate or profile of copper or aluminium.

These motors generate a propulsive force when the primary member is energised by applying an alternating current in the presence of the secondary. The two members are separated by an airgap, and the translational motion (one member remaining stationary while the other moves) is produced without mechanical contact.

The characteristic features of linear induction motors vary according to the purpose for which they are designed: driving hovertrains (the primary members are carried in the vehicles and straddle a rail (secondary member) secured to the track); powering bulk-handling equipment (a secondary plate mounted underneath a wheeled trolley travels over a series of primary coils located between the rails); operating overhead conveyors (bogies fitted with primary members travel underneath a secondary profile); positioning vehicles in car parks or stores (secondary pallets are displaced by primary members set into the floor); controlling, e.g., piston pumps and valves (this function may be performed by “ polysolenoid ” linear motors in which the shaft (secondary member) moves to and fro inside an annular primary member); positioning on machine-tools; etc.

DC linear motors, whose operation uses the interaction of electro-magnets or of electro-magnets and permanent magnets, can be used as alternating or oscillating motors (e.g., for reciprocating pumps, weaving shuttle drives), stepper motors (e.g., small conveyors), etc.

This group also includes:
(II) ELECTRIC GENERATORS
Machines that produce electrical power from various energy sources (mechanical, solar, etc.) are classified here, provided they are not more specifically covered by any other heading of the Nomenclature.

There are two main classes, direct current (DC) generators (dynamos), and alternating current (AC) generators (alternators). In general, both consist essentially of a stator mounted in a housing, and a rotating member (the rotor) mounted inside the stator on a shaft driven by the prime mover. In the case of DC generators a commutator with segments is mounted on the rotorshaft. The current produced is collected by a system of carbon brushes which rub the commutator segments, and is transferred to the external circuit. AC generators are in most cases brushless and the current which they produce is led off directly to the external circuit. In other AC generators the current is collected by slip rings mounted on a rotorshaft and is transferred by a system of carbon brushes which rub the slip rings.

The stator usually consists of a system of electromagnets, but for certain DC generators (magneto-electric generators) a system of permanent magnets is used. The rotor usually consists of a system of coils of wire mounted on a laminated iron core; this system is known as the armature. In some AC generators the revolving portion is the field system.

Electric generators may be hand- or pedal-operated, but usually they have prime movers (e.g., hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, wind engines, reciprocating steam engines, internal combustion piston engines). However, this heading only covers generators when presented without prime movers.

The heading also covers photovoltaic generators consisting of panels of photocells combined with other apparatus, e.g., storage batteries and electronic controls (voltage regulator, inverter, etc.) and panels or modules equipped with elements, however simple (for example, diodes to control the direction of the current), which supply the power directly to, for example, a motor, an electrolyser.

In these devices, electricity is produced by means of solar cells which convert solar energy directly into electricity (photovoltaic conversion).

The heading covers all electric generators including large generators for power stations; small auxiliary generators used for exciting the windings of other generators; generators of various sizes and types used for supplying current for a variety of purposes (e.g., on ships, on farms not connected to an external supply, in chemical industries for electrolysis, and in diesel-electric trains).

The heading also excludes:

(a) Drums or rollers incorporating an electric motor for belt or roller conveyors (heading 84.31).

(b) Vibrator motors and electro-magnetic vibrators of heading 84.79 (see the Explanatory Note to that heading).

(c) Electric generators combined with prime movers (heading 85.02).

(d) High tension generators (heading 85.04).

(e) Primary cells and primary batteries (heading 85.06).

(f) Generators (dynamos and alternators) used in conjunction with internal combustion engines, or for electrical lighting or signalling equipment of a kind used for cycles or motor vehicles (headings 85.11 and 85.12, respectively).

(g) Solar cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels but not equipped with elements, however simple, which supply the power directly to, for example, a motor, an electrolyser (heading 85.41).

(h) Certain electrical apparatus sometimes known as generators which do not in fact produce electric energy, e.g., signal generators (heading 85.43).

(ij) The generators of Chapter 90, for example, X-ray generators (heading 90.22); generators designed for demonstrational purposes and unsuitable for other uses (heading 90.23).


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 85.03.

85.02 Electric generating sets and rotary converters.

(I) ELECTRIC GENERATING SETS
The expression “generating sets” applies to the combination of an electric generator and any prime mover other than an electric motor (e.g., hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, wind engines, reciprocating steam engines, internal combustion engines). Generating sets consisting of the generator and its prime mover which are mounted (or designed to be mounted) together as one unit or on a common base (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), are classified here provided they are presented together (even if packed separately for convenience of transport).

Electric generating sets for welding equipment are classified in this heading when presented separately, without their welding heads or welding appliances. However, they are excluded (heading 85.15) when presented together with their welding heads or welding appliances.


(II) ELECTRIC ROTARY CONVERTERS
These consist essentially of a combination of an electric generator and a prime mover consisting of an electric motor permanently mounted on a common base, though in certain cases the two functions are combined in one unit with certain windings in common. They are used to transform the nature of the current (to convert from AC to DC or vice versa) or to change certain characteristics such as the voltage, frequency or phase of alternating current (to convert, for example, the frequency of 50 to 200 cycles or to transform single phase to three phase current). Another type of rotary converter (sometimes known as a rotary transformer) is used to convert DC from one voltage to another.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 85.03.


85.03 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of heading 85.01 or 85.02.

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI) this heading covers parts of the machines of the two preceding headings. The very wide range of parts classified here includes:

(1) Shells and cases, stators, rotors, collector rings, collectors, brush-holders, excitation coils.

(2) Electrical sheets and plates in shapes other than square or rectangular.


85.04 Electrical transformers, static converters (for example, rectifiers) and inductors.


(I) ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMERS
Electrical transformers are apparatus which, without having any moving parts, transform, by means of induction and using a preset or adjustable system, an alternating current into another alternating current of different voltage, impedance, etc. These usually consist of two or more coils of insulated wire wound in various configurations on laminated iron cores, although in some cases (e.g., radio-frequency transformers) there may be no magnetic core, or the core may be of agglomerated iron dust, ferrite, etc. An AC in one coil (the primary circuit) induces an AC usually at different values of current and voltage in the others (the secondary circuit). In certain cases (auto transformers) there is only a single coil, part of the winding of which is common to the primary and secondary circuits. In shell type transformers, there is a shell of laminated iron round the transformer.

Certain transformers are designed for particular purposes, e.g., matching transformers for matching the impedance of one circuit with that of another, and instrument transformers (current or voltage transformers, combined instrument transformers) used to step down or step up voltages or currents to the level of the connected equipment, e.g., measuring instruments, electricity meters or protective relays.

The heading covers all transformers. They vary from ballasts for the control of the amount of current that flows through discharge lamps or tubes, small types used in wireless sets, instruments, toys, etc., to large types enclosed in oil tanks or equipped with radiators, fans, etc., for cooling purposes. The large types are used in electricity stations, stations for interconnecting mains, distributing stations or sub-stations. The frequency may vary from mains frequencies up to very high radio frequencies. The heading includes baluns (balancing units) which reduce electro-magnetic interference by balancing the impedance in paired lines.

The power-handling capacity of a transformer is the kilovolt-ampere (kVA) output based on continual use at the rated secondary voltage (or amperage, when applicable) and at the rated frequency without exceeding the rated temperature limitations.

Transformers for electric welding equipment presented separately without their welding heads or welding appliances are classified in this heading. However, they are excluded (heading 85.15) when presented together with their welding heads or welding appliances.

The heading also covers induction coils, a kind of transformer in which an intermittent or fluctuating direct current in the primary induces a corresponding current in the secondary. They can be used either to step up the voltage to a higher value or, in the case of telephony, to reproduce in the secondary circuits a small fluctuating current corresponding to the fluctuation imposed on a steady DC in the primary. The heading covers induction coils of all kinds, other than ignition equipment for internal combustion engines (heading 85.11).

(II) ELECTRICAL STATIC CONVERTERS

The apparatus of this group are used to convert electrical energy in order to adapt it for further use. They incorporate converting elements (e.g., valves) of different types. They may also incorporate various auxiliary devices (e.g., transformers, induction coils, resistors, command regulators, etc.). Their operation is based on the principle that the converting elements act alternately as conductors and non-conductors.

The fact that these apparatus often incorporate auxiliary circuits to regulate the voltage of the emerging current does not affect their classification in this group, nor does the fact that they are sometimes referred to as voltage or current regulators.

This group includes:

(A) Rectifiers by which alternating current (single or polyphase) is converted to direct current, generally accompanied by a voltage change.

(B) Inverters by which direct current is converted to alternating current.

(C) Alternating current converters and cycle converters by which alternating current (single or polyphase) is converted to a different frequency or voltage.

(D) Direct current converters by which direct current is converted to a different voltage.

Electrical static converters may be divided into the following principal categories according to the type of converting element with which they are equipped:

(1) Semiconductor converters based on the one-way conductivity between certain crystals. Such converters consist of a semiconductor as the converting element and various other devices (e.g., coolers, tape conductors, drives, regulators, control circuits).

These include:

(2) Gas discharge converters, such as:

(3) Converters with a mechanical converting element based on the one-way conductivity of various contacts, such as :

(4) Electrolytic rectifiers based on the principle that the combination of certain products used as electrodes in combination with certain liquids used as electrolytes will only allow current to flow in a single direction.

Electrical static converters may be used for different purposes, e.g.:

(1) Converters to supply electricity to drive stationary machines or electric traction vehicles (e.g., locomotives).

(2) Supply converters, such as accumulator chargers (which consist essentially of rectifiers with associated transformer and current control apparatus), converters for galvanising and electrolysis, emergency power packs, converters for installations which supply high-tension direct current, converters for heating purposes and for the current supply to electro-magnets.

Also classified here are converters known as high-tension generators (used particularly with radio apparatus, emission tubes, microwave tubes, ion-beam tubes) which convert the current from any source, usually the mains, into the direct high-tension current necessary for feeding the equipment concerned by means of rectifiers, transformers, etc.

This heading also includes stabilised suppliers (rectifiers combined with a regulator), e.g., uninterruptible power supply units for a range of electronic equipment.

However, high-tension generators (or transformers) specifically designed for supplying radiological apparatus fall in heading 90.22. Automatic voltage regulators are classified in heading 90.32.

(III) INDUCTORS
These consist essentially of a single coil of wire which, inserted in an AC circuit, limits or prevents by its self-induction the flow of the AC. They vary from small chokes used in wireless circuits, instruments, etc., to large coils often mounted in concrete, used in power circuits (e.g., for limiting the flow of current in the event of a short circuit).

Inductors or inductances obtained in the form of individual components by a printing process remain classifiable in this heading.

Deflection coils for cathode-ray tubes are classified in heading 85.40.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here. In particular, metal tank mercury arc rectifiers, with or without a pump, are always classified as parts.

However, most of the electric components of the devices of this heading are to be found in other headings of the Chapter, for example :

(a) Various switches of heading 85.36 (for example, those used with multiple contact transformers).

(b) Vacuum or mercury vapour rectifying tubes and valves (other than the metal tank type) and thyratrons (heading 85.40).

(c) Semiconductor diodes, transistors, and thyristors (heading 85.41).

(d) Articles of heading 85.42.


85.05 Electro-magnets; permanent magnets and articles intended to become permanent magnets after magnetis­ation; electro-magnetic or permanent magnet chucks, clamps and similar holding devices; electro-magnetic couplings, clutches and brakes; electro-magnetic lifting heads.
This heading covers electro-magnets, those electro-magnet operated appliances specially listed in the heading, permanent magnets and permanent magnet work holders.

(1) Electro-magnets.

These are of various sizes and shapes according to the use for which they are intended. They consist essentially of a coil of wire wound around a core of soft iron, this core being either in one piece or laminated. The passing of electric current in the coil confers magnetic properties on the core, which can then be used either for attraction or repulsion.

(2) Permanent magnets and articles intended to become permanent magnets after magnetisation.

Permanent magnets consist of pieces of hard steel, special alloys or other materials (e.g., barium ferrite agglomerated with plastics or synthetic rubber) which have been rendered permanently magnetic. Their shape varies according to the use for which they are designed. To reduce the tendency to de-magnetise, horseshoe-shaped magnets are often furnished with a bar of iron (the keeper) adhering to the two poles. Permanent magnets remain classified here whatever their use, including small magnets used, inter alia, as toys.

Articles intended to become permanent magnets after magnetisation are recognisable as such by their shape and composition, generally being cubes or discs (tags) of metal or of agglomerated ferrite (e.g., barium ferrite).

(3) Electro-magnetic or permanent magnet chucks, clamps and similar holding devices.

These are mainly devices of various types in which magnets are used to hold work pieces in place while they are being worked. This group also covers holding devices for machines other than machine-tools (for example, magnetic devices for holding printing plates in printing machinery).

(4) Electro-magnetic clutches and couplings.

These may be of various types. Certain types consist of a fixed coil around a movable armature, the latter being pulled into the coil when current passes and pulled out again by a spring when the current is cut off. The heading also covers variable speed couplings, some of which are based on the principle of an asynchronous motor.

(5) Electro-magnetic brakes.

These generally consist of shoes which, under the influence of electro-magnets, act on the rim of a wheel or on the rail. Others are based on the principle of electro-magnetic induction, a soft steel disc mounted on the shaft being braked by the action of eddy currents induced in it by electro-magnets. The heading does not, however, cover mechanical hydraulic or pneumatic brakes controlled by electro-magnetic devices.

(6) Electro-magnetic lifting heads.

These consist essentially of electro-magnets, generally circular, and are usually used in conjunction with cranes (e.g., for the lifting of scrap iron). Certain types are designed for special purposes (e.g., on salvage vessels for the recovery of metal objects from wrecks).


PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading does not cover:

(a) Magnetic ferrite with a binder, in the form of powder or pellets (heading 38.24).

(b) Electro-magnets, permanent magnets or magnetic devices of this heading, when presented with machines, apparatus, toys, games, etc., of which they are designed to form part (classified with those machines, apparatus, etc.).

(c) Media for magnetic recording such as cards composed of unmagnetised magnetic material laminated between two plastic sheets and used, in particular, for opening magnetic locks (heading 85.23).

(d) Electro-magnets designed for use by oculists or surgeons (heading 90.18).

85.06 Primary cells and primary batteries.
These generate electrical energy by means of chemical reactions.

A primary cell consists basically of a container holding an alkaline or a non-alkaline electrolyte (e.g., potassium or sodium hydroxide, ammonium chloride or a mixture of lithium chloride, ammonium chloride, zinc chloride and water) in which two electrodes are immersed. The anode is generally of zinc, magnesium or of lithium and the cathode (depolarising electrode) is, for example, of manganese dioxide (mixed with carbon powder), of mercuric oxide or of silver oxide. In lithium primary cells, the anode is of lithium and the cathode is, for example, of thionyl chloride, of sulphur dioxide, manganese dioxide or of iron sulphide. A nonaqueous electrolyte is used because of the solubility and reactivity of lithium in aqueous solutions. In air-zinc primary cells, an alkaline or neutral electrolyte is generally used. The zinc is used as the anode, oxygen diffuses into the cell and is used as the cathode. Each electrode is provided with a terminal or other arrangement for connection to an external circuit. The principal characteristic of a primary cell is that it is not readily or efficiently recharged.

Primary cells are used for supplying current for a number of purposes (for bells, telephones, hearing aids, cameras, watches, calculators, heart pacemakers, radios, toys, portable lamps, electric prods for cattle, etc.). Cells may be grouped together in batteries, either in series or in parallel or a combination of both. Cells and batteries remain classified here irrespective of the use for which they are intended (e.g., standard cells for laboratory work producing a constant known voltage fall in the heading).

The various types of cells include:

(1) Wet cells, in which the electrolyte is a liquid, and is not restrained from flowing. Wet cells are therefore sensitive to orientation.

(2) Dry cells, in which the electrolyte is immobilised in absorbent materials or gels (e.g., mixed with a thickener such as agar-agar or flour to form a paste). The electrolyte used may be liquid but it is restrained from flowing. Dry cells are used mainly for portable devices.

(3) Inert cells, or reserve cells or batteries to which water or all or part of the electrolyte must be added before they can be used, or in which the electrolyte must be heated to become ionically conductive.

(4) Concentration cells, the electrolyte being at a different degree of concentration at each electrode.

Primary cells and batteries may be manufactured to various shapes and sizes. Common types are those having a cylindrical or button shape.

Certain cells (e.g., wet cells and some inert cells) are usually presented without their electrolyte, but remain classified here.

This heading does not cover rechargeable cells and batteries, as these are classified in heading 85.07 as electric accumulators.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading covers parts of primary cells or batteries, including containers.
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The heading does not cover:

(a) Terminals (heading 85.36).

(b) Solar cells (heading 85.41).

(c) Carbon electrodes (heading 85.45).

(d) Spent primary cells and spent primary batteries and waste and scrap thereof (heading 85.48).

(e) Thermocouples (e.g., headings 85.03, 85.48, 90.33).
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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheadings 8506.10, 8506.30 and 8506.40

Classification in these subheadings is determined by the composition of the cathode (depolarising electrode). However, primary cells with cathode of manganese dioxide and anode of lithium are classified in subheading 8506.50 as lithium primary cells (see the Explanatory Note to that subheading below).

Subheading 8506.50

Classification in this subheading is determined by the composition of the anode.


85.07 Electric accumulators, including separators therefor, whether or not rectangular (including square).

Electric accumulators (storage batteries or secondary batteries) are characterised by the fact that the electrochemical action is reversible so that the accumulator may be recharged. They are used to store electricity and supply it when required. A direct current is passed through the accumulator producing certain chemical changes (charging); when the terminals of the accumulator are subsequently connected to an external circuit these chemical changes reverse and produce a direct current in the external circuit (discharging). This cycle of operations, charging and discharging, can be repeated for the life of the accumulator.

Accumulators consist essentially of a container holding the electrolyte in which are immersed two electrodes fitted with terminals for connection to an external circuit. In many cases the container may be subdivided, each subdivision (cell) being an accumulator in itself; these cells are usually connected together in series to produce a higher voltage. A number of cells so connected is called a battery. A number of accumulators may also be assembled in a larger container. Accumulators may be of the wet or dry cell type.

The main types of accumulators are:

(1) Lead-acid accumulators, in which the electrolyte is sulphuric acid and the electrodes lead plates or lead grids supporting active material.

(2) Alkaline accumulators, in which the electrolyte is usually potassium, or lithium hydroxide or thionyl chloride and the electrodes are, for example:

The electrodes may consist of simple plates, grids, rods, etc., or of grids or tubes covered or filled with a special paste of the active material. The containers for lead-acid accumulators are usually made of glass or, in the case of car batteries, are moulded from plastic, hard rubber or composition material. In big stationary accumulators, glass or lead lined, plastic or wood boxes are used, while containers for alkaline accumulators are usually of steel or plastics. Alkaline accumulators may be of a specific size and shape, so designed to fit the device for which they are the source of electricity. They may be within waterproof containers. Many alkaline accumulators may have the external appearance of primary cells or batteries of heading 85.06.

Accumulators are used for supplying current for a number of purposes, e.g., motor vehicles, golf carts, fork-lift trucks, power hand-tools, cellular telephones, portable automatic data processing machines, portable lamps.

Some lead-acid accumulators are fitted with a hydrometer, which measures the specific gravity of the electrolyte and so indicates roughly the degree of charge of the accumulator.

Electric accumulators remain classified here even if presented without their electrolyte.

Accumulators containing one or more cells and the circuitry to interconnect the cells amongst themselves, often referred to as "battery packs", are covered by this heading, whether or not they include any ancillary components which contribute to the accumulator’s function of storing and supplying energy, or protect it from damage, such as electrical connectors, temperature control devices (e.g., thermistors), circuit protection devices, and protective housings. They are classified in this heading even if they are designed for use with a specific device.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of accumulators, e.g., containers and covers; lead plates and grids, whether or not coated with paste; separators of any material (except of unhardened vulcanised rubber or of textile material), including those in the form of flat plates merely cut into rectangles (including squares), meeting very precise technical specifications (porosity, dimensions, etc.) and hence ready for use.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Terminals (heading 85.36).

(b) Spent electric accumulators and waste and scrap thereof (heading 85.48).

85.08 Vacuum cleaners.

Subject to Note 1 (d) to Chapter 85, this heading covers vacuum cleaners of all kinds, whether or not hand-held, including dry and wet vacuum cleaners, whether or not presented with accessories such as rotary brushes, carpet beating devices, multiple-function suction heads, etc.

Vacuum cleaners perform two functions : the suction of material, including dust, and the filtering of the air stream. Suction is effected by means of a turbine fixed directly onto the shaft of the motor, turning at high velocity. The dust and other material are collected in an internal or external dust bag or other receptacle, whereas the air sucked in and filtered is also used to cool the motor.

The heading includes, inter alia, vacuum cleaner type grooming apparatus for horses or cattle.

Excluded from this heading are appliances for cleaning carpets in situ by injecting a liquid cleaning solution into the carpet, the solution then being extracted by suction, which are not combination dry and wet vacuum cleaners (heading 84.51 or 85.09).

This heading also excludes vacuum apparatus of a kind used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences (heading 90.18).

EQUIPMENT PRESENTED WITH THE APPLIANCES
OF THIS HEADING

Vacuum cleaners of this heading may be presented with auxiliary devices (accessories) (for brushing, polishing, insecticide spraying, etc.) or interchangeable parts (carpet devices, rotary brushes, multiple-function suction heads, etc.). Such an appliance is classified here together with the parts and accessories presented with it, provided they are of a kind and number commonly used with the appliance. When presented separately, they are classified by reference to their nature.

PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Notes to Section XVI), parts of appliances of this heading are also classified here.

85.09 Electro-mechanical domestic appliances, with self-contained electric motor, other than vacuum cleaners of heading 85.08.
This heading covers a number of domestic appliances in which an electric motor is incorporated. The term “domestic appliances” in this heading means appliances normally used in the household. These appliances are identifiable, according to type, by one or more characteristic features such as overall dimensions, design, capacity, volume. The yardstick for judging these characteristics is that the appliances in question must not operate at a level in excess of household requirements.

Subject to the exclusions and in appropriate cases the limitations of weight given in Chapter Note 3, the heading covers apparatus which fulfil the above criteria. The heading does not cover appliances driven by a separate electric motor (whether by means of a flexible shaft, transmission belts or other transmission equipment), nor appliances which, though similar in construction and use, are clearly intended solely for industrial use (e.g., in the food industries, in chimney sweeping, machine cleaning or road cleaning); these are classified, in general, in heading 82.10 or in Chapter 84.

The appliances of this heading are of two groups (see Chapter Note 3):

(A) A limited class of articles are classified here irrespective of their weight.

This group consists of the following only:

(B) A non-limited class of articles are classified in this heading provided their weight is 20 kg or less.

This group includes, inter alia:


EQUIPMENT PRESENTED WITH THE APPLIANCES OF THIS HEADING
Many of the appliances listed above may be presented with interchangeable parts or auxiliary devices to make them suitable for various purposes. For example, food mixers which can be used for cutting, grinding, whipping, mincing, etc.; slicers with honing and sharpening devices; floor scrubbers with a polishing brush set; scrubbers with a soap feeder and suction device for removing dirty water or soap suds. Such an appliance is classified here together with the parts and accessories presented with it, provided they are of a kind and number commonly used with the appliance. The weight of the extra interchangeable parts or detachable auxiliary devices is to be ignored in determining whether the appliance falls in the heading under the terms of paragraph (B) above.

The appliances of this heading may be mounted on runners, castors or similar devices to facilitate use.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the appliances of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading does not cover:

(a) Fans or ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating a fan, whether or not fitted with filters (heading 84.14).

(b) Refrigerators (heading 84.18).

(c) Roller or other ironing machines (heading 84.20 or 84.51).

(d) Centrifugal clothes-dryers (heading 84.21) and household washing machines (heading 84.50).

(e) Dish washing machines (heading 84.22).

(f) Grass mowers (heading 84.33).

(g) Dairy type butter churns (heading 84.34).

(h) Appliances for cleaning carpets in situ by injecting a liquid cleaning solution into the carpet, the solution then being extracted by suction, designed for use in establishments (other than domestic premises) such as hotels, motels, hospitals, offices, restaurants and schools (heading 84.51).

(ij) Sewing machines (heading 84.52).

(k) Hair-removing appliances (heading 85.10).

(l) Electro-thermic domestic appliances (heading 85.16).

(m) Massage appliances (heading 90.19).

85.10 Shavers, hair clippers and hair-removing appliances, with self-contained electric motor.
This heading covers electric shavers and hair clippers which have a built-in electric motor or vibrator, whether for use on human beings, or for shearing sheep or for grooming horses, clipping cattle, etc.

In electric shavers (dry shavers) rotating or reciprocating cutters or knife blades slide along the inside of a perforated or slotted plate, thus cutting those hairs which protrude through the perforations or slots. In the case of hair clippers, a comb-like cutter blade slides to and fro over a fixed metal comb thus cutting the hair or wool which is caught between the teeth of the combs. Hair clippers for barbers’ use operate on a similar principle to those for sheep shearers, grooms, etc., but differ in size.

This heading also covers electro-mechanical hair-removing appliances with self-contained electric motor; these appliances, which grip the hair and pluck it out at the root, may operate with either a micro-roller, or a metal spiral which rotates around its own axis, or a guard, a depilating head and a set of depilating wheels.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of electric shavers, hair clippers or hair-removing appliances are also classified here. These include, inter alia, cutter heads, cutter blades, knife blades and comb blades.
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Hair clippers operated by a flexible shaft driven by a separate electric motor are classified in heading 82.14, the electric motor (whether or not equipped with the flexible shaft) being classified in heading 85.01.


85.11 Electrical ignition or starting equipment of a kind used for spark-ignition or compression-ignition internal combustion engines (for example, ignition magnetos, magneto-dynamos, ignition coils, sparking plugs and glow plugs, starter motors); generators (for example, dynamos, alternators) and cut-outs of a kind used in conjunction with such engines.
This heading covers electrical starting or ignition equipment and appliances for internal combustion engines of any kind (piston or other types), whether for use in motor cars, aircraft, boats or the like, or for stationary engines. It also covers generators and cut-outs for use in conjunction with such internal combustion engines.

The heading includes:

(A) Sparking plugs.

These consist of a central insulated electrode and a point (or points) attached to the casing. The casing is partly threaded at its base for screwing it into the cylinder-head, and there is a terminal at the top of the central electrode for connection to the source of current. When a high voltage is applied to the central electrode a spark jumps between that electrode and the point or points and is used for igniting the explosive mixture in the cylinder.

(B) Ignition magnetos (including magneto-dynamos).

These are used to provide the necessary high tension voltage to be applied to the sparking plugs of an internal combustion engine; they are used mainly for racing cars, tractors, aircraft, motor-boat or motor-cycle engines. They are of the following main types:

(C) Magnetic flywheels.

These consist of a magnetic device fitted to a flywheel to produce a low tension current for ignition purposes.

(D) Distributors.

These distribute the ignition current to the sparking plugs in turn, and also incorporate an interrupter to make and break the circuit in the primary winding of the ignition coil; both functions are synchronised with the strokes of the pistons in the cylinders by means of a cam driven by the engine.

(E) Ignition coils.

These consist of specially modified induction coils, usually in a cylindrical container. By connecting the primary via an interrupter to the battery, a high voltage is produced in the secondary and is led to the sparking plugs via a distributor.

In some ignition systems a double-spark ignition coil is connected directly to two sparking plugs and the coil generates an ignition spark in each plug simultaneously, with the spark from one plug producing its cylinder power stroke and the spark from the other plug having no effect on its cylinder because it is on the exhaust stroke. Such systems do not require a distributor as the ignition coil is connected directly to the sparking plugs. In these systems the coils are energised by an electronic (semiconductor) coil module.

(F) Starter motors.

These are small electric motors, usually of the DC series wound type. They are fitted with a small pinion capable of travelling up and down a screwed shaft, or with some other mechanical device for coupling them temporarily to the internal combustion engine to be started.

(G) Generators (dynamos and alternators).

These are driven by the engine, and serve to charge the batteries and to supply current to the lighting, signalling, heating and other electrical equipment of motor vehicles, aircraft, etc. Alternators are used with a rectifier.

(H) Booster coils.

These are small induction coils used, mainly on aircraft, when the turning speed at starting is too low for the engine magnetos to function.

(IJ) Glow plugs.

These are similar to sparking plugs, but in place of the electrode and points for producing a spark, they have a small resistor which, when current is passed, becomes heated. They are used to heat the air in the cylinders of diesel engines before and during starting.

(K) Heating coils.

These are intended for mounting in the air intake of diesel engines for starting purposes.

(L) Dynamo cut-out apparatus.

These prevent the dynamo from being driven as a motor, at the expense of the battery, when the engine is stationary or turning at low speed.

Cut-outs combined, in a single housing, with a voltage regulator or a current regulator are also classified here. In addition to protecting the battery and the dynamo, these devices ensure a constant flow of charge current or limit the intensity of this current.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading excludes:

(a) Engine starters as used on airfields, bus stations, etc., for starting internal combustion engines and consisting essentially of a transformer and rectifier (heading 85.04).

(b) Electric accumulators (heading 85.07).

(c) Dynamos for use on bicycles for lighting purposes only (heading 85.12).

85.12 Electrical lighting or signalling equipment (excluding articles of heading 85.39), windscreen wipers, defrosters and demisters, of a kind used for cycles or motor vehicles.

This heading covers electrical apparatus and appliances specialised for use on cycles or motor vehicles for lighting or signalling purposes. It does not, however, cover, dry batteries (heading 85.06), electric accumulators (heading 85.07) or dynamos and magneto-dynamos of heading 85.11. The heading also includes electrical windscreen wipers, defrosters and demisters for motor vehicles.

The heading includes, inter alia:

(1) Dynamos for generating electric current by means of a friction wheel running on one of the tyres or wheel rims of a bicycle or, in some rare cases, of a motor-cycle.

(2) Battery holders, equipped with a switch, terminals, contacts, etc., for cycle lighting equipment; battery-operated lamps, designed for mounting on cycles.

(3) Headlamps of all kinds including lamps fitted with dimming or dipping attachments; diffused driving lamps; anti-fog lamps; spot-lights; search-lamps of a kind used on police cars or the like (including those which, attached to a length of cable, can be used as hand lamps or can be placed on the road).

(4) Side lamps; tail lamps; parking lamps; licence plate lamps.

(5) Braking lights, direction indication lights, reversing lamps and the like.

(6) Combinations of some of the above-mentioned lamps, assembled in one casing.

(7) Interior lighting lamps, such as dome lamps, wall lamps, step indicating lamps, door frame lamps and instrument panel lamps.

(8) Luminous overtaking signals, transmitting to the driver automatically (sometimes by means of a photoelectric cell) a signal indicating the presence of an overtaking vehicle.

(9) Other electrical visual signalling apparatus, e.g., illuminated triangles for vehicles with trailers , illuminated indicators (of the revolving dome type or the "lightbar" type) for taxis, police vehicles, fire engines, etc.

(10) Parking equipment operated by means of external feelers, which, when they touch the curb or other object, cause a light or other signal to warn the driver.

(11) Anti-theft alarms which emit visual or audio signals to warn of attempts to break in to a vehicle.

(12) Horns, sirens and other electrical sound signalling appliances.

(13) Electrical apparatus which emit audio signals to warn the driver of the proximity of vehicles or other objects behind the vehicle when reversing. These apparatus usually comprise ultrasonic sensors, an electronic control unit, a buzzer or beeper and associated wiring.

(14) Electrical apparatus of a kind used in a motor vehicle to warn the driver, by visual or audio signals, that a speed detection device, such as a radar gun or a laser gun, is operating in the vicinity.

(15) Windscreen wipers, including dual windscreen wipers, driven by an electric motor.

(16) Defrosters and demisters. These consist of a resistance wire mounted in a frame for fitting to the windscreen.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Glass lenses (heading 70.14).

(b) Air conditioning machinery or apparatus (heading 84.15).

(c) Electric sound amplifier sets, consisting of a microphone, audio-frequency amplifier and loudspeaker, used for transmitting to the driver of a towing vehicle the warning hoot or other road sounds behind his trailer (heading 85.18).

(d) Boards, panels and other bases, equipped with two or more apparatus of heading 85.36 (e.g., an assembly of switches for mounting on the steering column) (heading 85.37).

(e) Electric lamps, including sealed beam lamp units, of heading 85.39.

(f) Insulated electric wire and cable, whether or not cut to length or fitted with connectors or made up in sets (e.g., ignition wiring sets) (heading 85.44).

(g) Non-electric car heating apparatus which also acts as defroster or demister (heading 73.22 or 87.08).

85.13 Portable electric lamps designed to function by their own source of energy (for example, dry batteries, accumula­tors, magnetos), other than lighting equipment of heading 85.12.


This heading covers portable electric lamps designed to function by means of a self-contained source of electricity (e.g., dry cell, accumulator or magneto).

They comprise two elements (i.e., the lamp proper and the source of electricity) which are usually mounted and directly connected together, often in a single case. In some types, however, these elements are separate and are connected by wires.

The term “portable lamps” refers only to those lamps (i.e., both the lamp and its electricity supply) which are designed for use when carried in the hand or on the person, or are designed to be attached to a portable article or object. They usually have a handle or a fastening device and may be recognised by their particular shapes and their light weight. The term therefore excludes lighting equipment for motor vehicles or cycles (heading 85.12), and lamps which are connected to a fixed installation (heading 94.05).

The lamps of this heading include:

(1) Pocket lamps. Some (“dynamo lamps”) are operated by a magneto, hand driven by means of a spring-loaded lever.

(2) Other hand lamps (including those with an adjustable beam). Hand lamps are often fitted with a simple device for hanging them temporarily on a wall, etc., while others are designed so that they can be placed on the ground.

(3) Lamps, torches or flashlights in the shape of pens, often fitted with a clip for securing the lamp to the user’s pocket when not in use.

(4) Morse signalling lamps.

(5) Miners’ safety lamps; the lighting device is usually designed for fitting to the miners’ helmet, while the source of electricity (accumulator) is usually hooked on to the belt.

(6) Examination lamps for general use, fixed to a headband (which usually consists of a curved strip of metal). Such lamps are classified here only if they have their own source of current (dry battery in user’s pocket, for example). The lamps of this heading are used by doctors, watchmakers, jewellers, etc. Specialised medical inspection lamps (e.g., for throat or ear inspection) are excluded (heading 90.18).

(7) Fancy torches in the shape of pistols, lipsticks, etc. Composite articles composed of a lamp or torch and a pen, screwdriver, key ring, etc., remain classified here only if the principal function of the whole is the provision of light.

(8) Reading lamps fitted with a clip or the like for attachment to a book or magazine.

PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the lamps of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading excludes:

(a) Photographic flash-light apparatus (heading 90.06).

(b) Laser pointers incorporating a laser diode (heading 90.13).

85.14 Industrial or laboratory electric furnaces and ovens (including those functioning by induction or dielectric loss); other industrial or laboratory equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss.


This heading covers a number of industrial or laboratory type electro-thermic machines, apparatus and appliances in which the heat is obtained electrically (e.g., by the heating effect of a current in a conductor; from an electric arc). The heading includes furnaces and ovens functioning by induction or dielectric loss and other industrial or laboratory equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss (e.g., industrial microwave furnaces, ovens and equipment). The heading excludes electro-thermic appliances of a kind used for domestic purposes (heading 85.16).


(I) INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY ELECTRIC FURNACES
AND OVENS (INCLUDING THOSE FUNCTIONING
BY INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC LOSS)

Electric furnaces and ovens consist essentially of a more or less closed space or vessel in which a relatively high temperature is obtained. They are used for many purposes (melting, annealing, tempering, enamelling, welding, heat treatment of welds, etc.). The principal types include retort furnaces, bell-type furnaces, trough furnaces, crucible furnaces, tunnel furnaces, etc. Some of these furnaces may have special tilting attachments, or be provided with an inner vessel for the treatment of metals in a particular gas to prevent oxidation.

The furnaces and ovens covered by this group include, inter alia:

(A) Resistance heated furnaces and ovens in which the heat is produced by the passage of a current through heating resistors. These heating elements (resistors) transfer heat to the stock or charge by radiation and convection.

(B) Resistance furnaces for heating bars of metal or granular materials where the material to be heated serves as the resistor. These consist of a container in which current is passed through the material itself; the electrical resistance of the material produces the necessary heat.

(C) Liquid resistance furnaces consisting of baths furnished with electrodes. In operation the bath contains molten metal, molten salts or special oil, maintained at the required temperature by the passage of electricity, via the electrodes, through the liquid; the object is heated by being plunged in the bath of liquid.

(D) Electrolytic furnaces for smelting or refining metals. These are also liquid resistance furnaces fitted with electrodes immersed in a molten bath electrolyte. The bath contains the metal bearing constituent of the ore dissolved in a molten salt. Electrolytic dissociation which is caused by the passage of electricity through the electrolyte via the electrodes results in pure molten metal collecting at the cathode while a gas is given off at the anode.

(E) Low frequency induction furnaces. Low frequency AC in a primary coil is linked magnetically by a soft iron core with the charge to be heated, and induces current in that charge thus causing it to be heated. In certain furnaces of this type, the molten charge circulates from the main crucible through vertical looped piping in which the heating currents are induced from the primary circuit.

(F) High frequency induction furnaces. An AC of high frequency (often of radio frequency) in the primary coil induces eddy currents in the charge to be heated. This type of furnace has no iron core.

(G) Dielectric capacitance furnaces and ovens. The charge, which must be electrically non-conducting, is placed between two metal plates connected to a source of AC. In effect the arrangement operates as a capacitor, and dielectric loss in the charge causes heat to be developed within it. This group includes industrial microwave ovens, in which dielectric products to be heated are subjected to the action of electromagnetic waves. By dielectric loss, the energy from the waves is converted simultaneously into heat throughout the mass of the product, ensuring very uniform heating. These ovens are used for drying, defrosting, moulding of plastics, firing ceramics, etc.

(H) Arc furnaces in which the heat is generated by an electric arc, struck between electrodes or between an electrode and the charge to be heated. These furnaces are used for the production of pig iron, various ferro-alloys, calcium carbide, for reducing iron ore, for the fixation of nitrogen from the air, etc. Certain low temperature arc furnaces are also used for distilling materials of relatively low boiling point (e.g., zinc or phosphorus); if, however, they are equipped with condensers to collect the distillate, the whole is excluded (heading 84.19).

(IJ) Infra-red radiation ovens heated by a number of infra-red lamps or radiation plates.

Certain furnaces or ovens use more than one method of heating (e.g., high and low frequency induction or resistance for melting and heating metals, etc.; infra-red and high frequency biscuit baking ovens; infra-red, resistance and dielectric capacitance (microwave) ovens for heating objects).

The furnaces and ovens described in this heading include, inter alia:

(1) Ovens for bread, pastry or biscuit making.

(2) Dental ovens.

(3) Crematorium furnaces.

(4) Furnaces for incinerating waste.

(5) Furnaces or ovens for annealing or tempering glass.

This heading excludes electrically heated apparatus for drying, sterilising or similar operations (heading 84.19).
(II) OTHER INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY EQUIPMENT FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT OF MATERIALS BY INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC LOSS

The heading also includes electric induction or dielectric heating equipment (for example, microwave equipment), even if not in the form of a furnace or oven. This equipment (used mainly for the heat treatment of small articles) consists essentially of electrical equipment for producing high-frequency oscillations, mounted together with the appropriate plates or coils, often of special design for the particular articles to be treated.

These include, inter alia:

(1) Machines with induction coils for heating by induction objects made up of materials which are good conductors of electricity, by means of low, medium or high-frequency power (e.g., machines used for superficial hardening of crankshafts, cylinders, cog wheels or other metal parts; machines for melting, sintering, annealing, tempering or preheating metal parts).

(2) Machines with electrodes serving as a capacitor (e.g., in the form of plates, bars) for dielectric (capacitive) heating of objects made up of materials which are non-conductors or bad conductors of electricity, by means of high frequency power (e.g., wood-drying machines; machines for preheating thermohardenable moulding materials in the form of pellets or powder, etc.).

Some special types of equipment are designed for the progressive heat-treatment of a bar passed through the coil, or for the repetitive treatment of a series of articles.

Rotary converters and high-frequency generators when presented together with heat-treatment equipment are also classified in this heading. When presented separately, they fall in heading 85.02 or 85.43, as the case may be.

However, machines for induction treatment used for soldering or brazing metals and machines for heat-treatment by dielectric loss used for welding plastics or other materials (e.g., high-frequency pressing machines for welding and high-frequency line welding machines) fall in heading 85.15. Presses incorporating heating devices are also excluded (Chapter 84).
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This heading also covers furnaces and other appliances specially designed for the separation, by pyrometallurgical processes, of irradiated nuclear fuels, appliances for the treatment of radioactive waste (e.g., for the firing of clays or glass containing radioactive residues or for the combustion of graphite or radioactive filters) or those for the sintering or heat-treatment of fissile material recovered for recycling. However, appliances for isotopic separation are classified in heading 84.01.
PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here (e.g., armatures, doors, inspection holes, panels and domes, electrode holders and metal electrodes).
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However, the heading also excludes:

(a) Bricks, blocks and similar refractory or ceramic goods for the construction or lining of electric furnaces (Chapter 69).

(b) Electric furnaces and ovens for manufacturing semiconductor wafers or flat panel displays (heading 84.86).

(c) Electric heating resistors (heading 85.16 or 85.45, as the case may be).

(d) Electrodes of graphite or other carbon, with or without metal (heading 85.45).

85.15 Electric (including electrically heated gas), laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electron beam, magnetic pulse or plasma arc soldering, brazing or welding machines and apparatus, whether or not capable of cutting; electric machines and apparatus for hot spraying of metals or cermets.



(I) SOLDERING, BRAZING OR WELDING MACHINES AND APPARATUS

This group covers certain soldering, brazing or welding machines and apparatus, whether portable or fixed. They are also classified here when they are capable of cutting.

Welding operations may be performed manually or be fully or partly automatic.

These include:

(A) Brazing or soldering machines and apparatus.

The heat is normally generated by induction or conduction using electrical power sources.

Brazing and soldering are operations in which metal parts are joined by means of a filler metal with a lower melting point that wets the parent metal(s). The parent metal(s) does (do) not participate by fusion in making the joint. The filler metal is usually distributed between the surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction. Brazing can be distinguished from soldering by the melting point temperature of filler metals used. In brazing it is generally above 450 °C, whereas in soldering the melting point is achieved at a lower temperature.

Only machines and apparatus which, by reason of their special equipment (for example, a system for feeding in solder wire), are identifiable as solely or principally intended for brazing or soldering belong to this group. Other appliances are to be considered as furnaces, ovens or heating equipment within the meaning of heading 85.14.

This heading also covers electrically heated hand soldering irons and guns.

(B) Machines and apparatus for resistance welding of metal.

The heat required for forming welded joints is produced by the resistance to the flow of an electric current through the parts to be joined (Joule heat). During welding the parts are held together under pressure and fluxes or filler metals are not used.

These machines are of many kinds varying according to the type of article to be welded. They include, for example, butt welding or flash butt welding machines; single-spot welding machines comprising guns with or without built-in power sources; multispot machines and associated equipment; projection welding machines; seam welding machines; high-frequency resistance welding apparatus.

(C) Machines and apparatus for arc or plasma arc welding of metals, whether or not capable of cutting.

(D) Machines and apparatus for induction welding of metals.

The heat is produced by passing a current through one or more inductor coils.

(E) Machines and apparatus for electron beam welding, whether or not capable of cutting.

The heat is produced in the piece(s) to be welded or cut by impact of the electrons of a focussed electron beam generated in vacuum.

(F) Machines and apparatus for vacuum diffusion welding.

The heat is generally produced by induction but may be produced by electron beam or resistance.

The apparatus consists essentially of a vacuum chamber, vacuum pump, means of exerting pressure and heating equipment.

(G) Machines and apparatus for photon beam welding, whether or not capable of cutting.

Photon beam welding may be divided into:

(H) Machines and apparatus for welding thermoplastic materials.

(IJ) Machines and apparatus for ultrasonic welding.

The parts to be joined are held together and subjected to ultrasonic vibrations. This process makes it possible to join metals or alloys which do not respond to ordinary welding techniques, and to weld metallic foils, parts of two or more different metals, or plastic films.
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Electric soldering, welding or brazing machines are usually fed with low-voltage DC from a DC generator, or with low-voltage AC from a step-down transformer. The transformer, etc., is usually incorporated in the machine, but in some cases (e.g., in certain mobile machines), the welding head or welding appliance is connected to the transformer, etc., by electric cable. Even in the latter case the heading covers the whole apparatus provided the transformer, etc., is presented with its associated welding head or welding appliance; presented separately, the transformer or generator is classified in its own appropriate heading (heading 85.02 or 85.04).

This heading also covers industrial robots specially designed for welding purposes.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Packaging machines fitted with electric welding appliances (heading 84.22).

(b) Fusing presses (heading 84.51).

(c) Machines designed exclusively for cutting (generally heading 84.56).

(d) Friction welding machines (heading 84.68).

(e) Soldering, brazing or welding machines and apparatus of a kind solely or principally used for the assembly of semiconductors (heading 84.86).


(II) ELECTRIC MACHINES AND APPARATUS FOR HOT SPRAYING
OF METALS OR CERMETS

These are electric arc apparatus which melt down metals or cermets and at the same time spray them by means of compressed air.

The heading does not cover separately presented metal spraying pistols of heading 84.24.


PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.

These include, inter alia, soldering heads and tongs, electrode holders and metal contact electrodes (for example, contact points, rollers and jaws) as well as torch points and sets of nozzles for atomic hydrogen hand welding equipment.

The following, however, are excluded from this heading:

(a) Consumable electrodes made of base metal or metal carbides (classified according to constituent material or in heading 83.11, as the case may be).

(b) Electrodes of graphite or other carbon, with or without metal (heading 85.45).


85.16 Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion heaters; electric space heating apparatus and soil heating apparatus; electro-thermic hair-dressing apparatus (for example, hair dryers, hair curlers, curling tong heaters) and hand dryers; electric smoothing irons; other electro-thermic appliances of a kind
used for domestic purposes; electric heating resistors, other than those of heading 85.45.


(A) ELECTRIC INSTANTANEOUS OR STORAGE WATER HEATERS
AND IMMERSION HEATERS

This group includes:

(1) Geysers in which the water is heated as it flows through.

(2) Storage water heaters (whether or not of the pressure type), i.e., heat-insulated tanks with immersion heating elements. In these heaters water is heated gradually.

(3) Dual-system heaters in which the water is heated either electrically or by connection to a fuel-heated hot water system; they are often equipped with a thermostatic control to operate them electrically only when the alternative means is insufficient.

(4) Electrode hot water boilers, in which an AC passes through the water between two electrodes.

(5) Immersion heaters of different shapes and forms depending on their use, are generally used in tanks, vats, etc., for heating liquids, semi-fluid (other than solid) substances or gases. They are also designed to be used in pots, pans, tumblers, cups, baths, beakers, etc., usually with a heat-insulated handle and a hook for hanging the heater in the vessel.

They have a reinforced protective sheath which is highly resistant to mechanical stress and to seepage from liquids, semi-fluid (other than solid) substances and gases. A powder (usually magnesium oxide) with good dielectric and thermal properties holds the wire resistor (resistance) in place within the sheath and insulates it electrically.

Assemblies consisting of immersion heaters permanently incorporated in a tank, vat or other vessel are classified in heading 84.19 unless they are designed for water heating only or for domestic use, in which case they remain in this heading. Solar water heaters are also classified in heading 84.19.

(6) Electric equipment for producing boiling water.

Electric central heating boilers are classified in heading 84.03.


(B) ELECTRIC SPACE HEATING APPARATUS AND
SOIL HEATING APPARATUS
This group includes:

(1) Electric storage heating apparatus, in which electric elements heat up a solid (e.g., bricks) or a liquid which stores the heat produced and subsequently releases it, when required, to the surrounding atmosphere.

(2) Electric fires (fan heaters and radiant heaters), including portable types with parabolic reflectors and sometimes with built-in fans. Many of these fires are fitted with coloured lamps and flicker devices to imitate a coal or wood fire.

(3) Electric radiators. These are apparatus in which electric elements heat up a liquid (for example, oil) which circulates in the radiator and which then radiates the heat to the surrounding atmosphere.

(4) Convection heaters. These circulate air by convection currents, sometimes assisted by a fan.

(5) Heating panels for mounting in the ceiling or to a wall including panels producing infra-red radiation for heating public places, streets, etc.

(6) Heating units for motor cars, railway coaches, aircraft, etc., other than defrosters and demisters.

(7) Road heating equipment to prevent the formation of frost and soil heating equipment, especially used to encourage plant growth, the elements of which are usually buried in the ground.

(8) Engine heaters for placing beneath a car to facilitate starting.

Electric central heating boilers are classified in heading 84.03.


(C) ELECTRO-THERMIC HAIR-DRESSING APPARATUS
AND HAND DRYERS

These include:

(1) Hair dryers, including drying hoods and those with a pistol grip and built-in fan.

(2) Hair curlers and electrical permanent waving apparatus.

(3) Curling tong heaters.

(4) Hand dryers.


(D) ELECTRIC SMOOTHING IRONS
This group covers smoothing irons of all kinds, whether for domestic use or for tailors, dressmakers, etc., including cordless irons. These cordless irons consist of an iron incorporating a heating element and a stand which can be connected to the mains. The iron makes contact with the current only when placed in this stand. This group also includes electric steam smoothing irons whether they incorporate a water container or are designed to be connected to a steam pipe.


(E) OTHER ELECTRO-THERMIC APPLIANCES OF A KIND USED
FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES

This group includes all electro-thermic machines and appliances provided they are normally used in the household. Certain of these have been referred to in previous parts of this Explanatory Note (e.g., electric fires, geysers, hair dryers, smoothing irons, etc.). Others include:

(1) Microwave ovens.

(2) Other ovens and cookers, cooking plates, boiling rings, grillers and roasters (e.g., convection type, resistance type, infra-red, high frequency induction and combined gas-electric appliances).

(3) Coffee or tea makers (including percolators).

(4) Toasters, including toaster-ovens which are designed essentially for toasting bread but can also bake small items such as potatoes.

(5) Kettles, saucepans, steamers; jacketed urns for heating milk, soup or the like.

(6) Crepe makers.

(7) Waffle irons.

(8) Plate warmers and food warmers.

(9) Sauté pans and chip pans (deep fryers).

(10) Coffee roasting appliances.

(11) Bottle heaters.

(12) Yogurt and cheese makers.

(13) Sterilising apparatus for preparing preserves.

(14) Popcorn cookers.

(15) Face dryers and the like.

(16) Facial saunas incorporating a face mask in which water is vaporised for facial skin treatment.

(17) Towel airers and heated towel rails.

(18) Bed warmers.

(19) Perfume or incense heaters, and heaters for diffusing insecticides.

(20) Non-mechanical wash boilers.

This group excludes:

(a) Electrically warmed blankets, bed pads, footmuffs or the like; electrically warmed clothing, footwear or ear pads or other electrically warmed articles worn on or about the person (classified in their appropriate heading, see Chapter Note 1).

(b) Roller type ironing machines (heading 84.20) and clothes ironing or pressing machines (heading 84.51).

(c) Counter-type coffee percolators, tea or milk urns, sauté pans and chip pans used, for example, in chip shops and other thermo-electric appliances which are not normally used in the household (heading 84.19, etc.).

(d) Industrial microwave furnaces, ovens and equipment (for example, microwave ovens of a type designed to be used in restaurants) (heading 85.14).

(e) Furniture (e.g., linen cupboards and serving trollies) equipped with heating elements (Chapter 94).

(f) Cigarette lighters, gas lighters and the like (heading 96.13).


(F) ELECTRIC HEATING RESISTORS

With the exception of those of carbon (heading 85.45), all electrical heating resistors are classified here, irrespective of the classification of the apparatus or equipment in which they are to be used.

They consist of bars, rods, plates, etc., or lengths of wire (usually coiled), of special material which becomes very hot when current is passed through it. The material used varies (special alloys, compositions based on silicon carbide, etc.). They may be obtained in the form of individual components by a printing process.

Wire resistors are usually mounted on insulating formers (e.g., of ceramics, steatite, mica or plastics) or on soft insulating core (e.g., of glass fibres or asbestos). If not mounted, wire of this kind is classified here only if cut to length and coiled or otherwise formed to a shape identifying it as a heating resistor element. The same applies to bars, rods and plates which, to be classified here, must be cut to length or size ready for use.

Resistors remain classified here even if specialised for a particular machine or apparatus, but if assembled with parts other than a simple insulated former and electrical connections they are classified as parts of the machines or apparatus in question (e.g., base plates for smoothing irons and plates for electric cookers).

The heading also excludes defrosters and demisters. These consist of a resistance wire mounted in a frame for fitting to the windscreen (heading 85.12).


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.

85.17 Telephone sets, including telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks; other apparatus for the transmission or reception of voice, images or other data, including apparatus for communication in a wired or wireless network (such as a local or wide area network), other than transmission or reception apparatus of heading 84.43, 85.25, 85.27 or 85.28.

This heading covers apparatus for the transmission or reception of speech or other sounds, images or other data between two points by variation of an electric current or optical wave flowing in a wired network or by electro-magnetic waves in a wireless network. The signal may be analogue or digital. The networks, which may be interconnected, include telephony, telegraphy, radio-telephony, radio-telegraphy, local and wide area networks.



(I) TELEPHONE SETS, INCLUDING TELEPHONES
FOR CELLULARNETWORKS OR
FOR OTHER WIRELESS NETWORKS

This group includes:


(A) Line telephone sets.

Line telephone sets are communication apparatus that convert voice into signals for transmission to another device. Upon receipt of a signal, a line telephone set will convert the signal back to voice. They consist of :

When separately presented, microphones and receivers (whether or not combined as hand-sets), and loudspeakers are classified in heading 85.18 while bells and buzzers are classified in heading 85.31.
Telephone sets may incorporate or have fitted : a memory for storing and recalling telephone numbers; a visual display for showing the number dialled, incoming caller’s number, date and time, and duration of a call; an extra loudspeaker and microphone to enable communication without using the hand-set; devices for automatically answering calls, transmitting a recorded message, recording incoming messages and playing back the recorded message on command; devices for holding a connection on line while communicating with a person on another telephone. Telephone sets incorporating these devices may also have keys or push-buttons which enable their operation, including a switching key which enables the telephone to be operated without removing the hand-set from the cradle. Many of these devices utilise a microprocessor or digital integrated circuits for their operation.
The heading covers all kinds of telephone sets including:

(B) Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks.


This group covers telephones for use on any wireless network. Such telephones receive and emit radio waves which are received and retransmitted, e.g., by base stations or satellites.


These include, inter alia:



(II) OTHER APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSION OR RECEPTION OF VOICE, IMAGES OR OTHER DATA, INCLUDING APPARATUS
FOR COMMUNICATION IN A WIRED OR WIRELESS NETWORK
(SUCH AS A LOCAL OR WIDE AREA NETWORK)

(A) Base stations.

The most common types of base stations are those for cellular networks, which receive and transmit radio waves to and from cellular telephones or to other wired or wireless networks. Each base station covers a geographical area (a cell). If the user moves from one cell to another while telephoning, the call is automatically transferred from one cell to another without interruption.

(B) Entry-phone systems.


These systems usually consist of a telephone handset and keypad or a loudspeaker, a microphone and keys. These systems are usually mounted at the entrance of buildings housing a number of tenants. With these systems, visitors can call certain tenants, by pressing the appropriate keys and talk to them.


(C) Videophones.


Videophones for buildings, which are a combination consisting principally of a telephone set for line telephony, a television camera and a television receiver (transmission by line).


(D) Apparatus for telegraphic communication other than facsimile machines of heading 84.43.


These apparatus are essentially designed for converting characters, graphics, images or other data into appropriate electrical impulses, for transmitting those impulses, and at the receiving end, receiving these impulses and converting them either into conventional symbols or indications representing the characters, graphics, images or other data or into the characters, graphics, images or other data themselves.


Examples are:


(E) Telephonic or Telegraphic Switching Apparatus.

(F) Transmitting and receiving apparatus for radio-telephony and radio-telegraphy.

This group includes:

(G) Other communication apparatus.


This group includes apparatus which allows for the connection to a wired or wireless communication network or the transmission or reception of speech or other sounds, images or other data within such a network.


Communication networks include, inter alia, carrier-current line systems, digital-line systems and combinations thereof. They may be configured, for example, as public switched telephone networks, Local Area Networks (LAN), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN), whether proprietary or open architecture.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are also classified here.

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The heading also excludes:


(a) Facsimile machines (heading 84.43).


(b) Perforating machines, whether or not electric, used to perforate paper bands ready for use in automatic telegraphic apparatus (heading 84.72).


(c) Induction coils for insertion in telephone or telegraph line circuits (heading 85.04).


(d) Cells, batteries and accumulators (heading 85.06 or 85.07).


(e) Telephone answering machines designed to operate with a telephone set but not forming an integral part of the set (heading 85.19).


(f) Apparatus for the transmission or reception of radio-broadcasting or television signals (headings 85.25, 85.27 or 85.28).


(g) Electric bells or indicators (e.g., luminous indicators operated by the dial of a telephone) (heading 85.31).


(h) Relays and switching equipment, such as selectors for automatic telephone exchanges, of heading 85.36.


(ij) Insulated electric wire, cable, etc., as well as optical fibre cables, made up of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not fitted with connectors, including cords with plugs for switchboards (heading 85.44).


(k) Telecommunication satellites (heading 88.02)


(l) Telephone call registers and counters (Chapter 90).


(m) Carrier-current and other transmitters and receivers which form a single unit with analogue or digital telemetering instruments or apparatus, or which, together with the latter, constitute a functional unit within the meaning of Note 3 to Chapter 90 (Chapter 90).


(n) Calculographs (time recorders) (heading 91.06).

°


° °

Subheading Explanatory Note.


Subheading 8517.62


This subheading includes cordless handsets or base units, when presented separately.


85.18 Microphones and stands therefor; loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures; headphones and earphones, whether or not combined with a microphone, and sets consisting of a microphone and one or more loudspeakers; audio-frequency electric amplifiers; electric sound amplifier sets.


This heading covers microphones, loudspeakers, headphones, earphones and audio-frequency electric amplifiers of all kinds presented separately, regardless of the particular purpose for which such apparatus may be designed (e.g., telephone microphones, headphones and earphones, and radio receiver loudspeakers).

The heading also covers electric sound amplifier sets.


(A) MICROPHONES AND STANDS THEREFOR
Microphones convert sound vibrations into corresponding variations or oscillations of electric current, thus enabling them to be transmitted, broadcast or recorded. According to their working principle, they include:

(1) Carbon microphones. These depend on the variations in the electrical resistance of carbon granules, caused by differences in the pressure exerted upon them when the diaphragm is displaced by sound waves. The carbon granules (or powder) are packed in a container between two electrodes, one of which constitute or is fixed to the diaphragm.

(2) Piezo-electric microphones, in which the pressure of the sound waves, transmitted by means of a diaphragm, sets up strains in a specially cut piece of crystal (e.g., quartz or rock crystal), thus causing the production of electric charges on the crystal. This type of element is often used in the “contact” microphone that is used in the pick-up of acoustic musical instruments such as guitars, pianos, brass and string orchestral instruments etc.

(3) Moving coil or ribbon microphones (also known as dynamic microphones), in which the sound vibrations are brought to bear on a coil or an aluminium ribbon situated in a magnetic field, thus producing electric impulses by induction.

(4) Capacitance or electrostatic (condenser) microphones, containing two plates (or electrodes), one fixed (the backplate) and one able to vibrate (the diaphragm), with an air gap between the two. The sound waves produce differences in capacity between the two plates.

(5) Thermal or hot wire microphones, containing a heated resistance wire, the temperature of which, and therefore the resistance, is varied by the effect of the sound waves.

This heading also covers wireless microphone sets, each set consisting of one or more wireless microphones and a wireless receiver. The wireless microphone transmits a signal representing the sound waves it receives, by means of radio-transmission circuitry and an internal or external aerial. The receiver has one or more aerials to receive the transmitted radio waves and internal circuitry to convert the radio waves to an electrical audio signal, and may have one or more volume controls and output plugs.

There are many varied applications of microphones (e.g., in public address equipment; telephony; sound recording; aircraft or submarine detectors; trench listening devices; study of heart beats).

Generally the electric current output from microphones is in the form of an analogue signal, however some microphones incorporate an analogue to digital converter where the output is in the form of a digital signal. Microphones are sometimes rendered more sensitive by the addition of amplifiers (usually referred to as pre-amplifiers). Capacitors are sometimes fitted for tone correction. Some microphones require an electrical power supply for their operation. This power supply may be supplied from a mixing console or the sound recording apparatus or it may be in the form of a separate power pack. Power packs presented separately are not classified in this heading (generally heading 85.04). Microphones are also sometimes fitted with devices for concentrating the sound waves, and may have, as in the case of public address microphones, special stands for placing on a table, a desk, etc., or on the ground, or from which the microphones are suspended. Such stands or devices fall in this heading, even if presented separately, provided they are of a kind specially designed for use with or for fitting to microphones.

(B) LOUDSPEAKERS, WHETHER OR NOT MOUNTED
IN THEIR ENCLOSURES
The function of loudspeakers is the converse of that of microphones : they reproduce sound by converting electrical variations or oscillations from an amplifier into mechanical vibrations which are communicated to the air. They include the following types :

(1) Moving iron or moving coil loudspeakers. In the moving iron loudspeaker an armature or reed of soft iron is placed in the field of a permanent magnet and under the influence of the coils in which the current passes. The field varies in accordance with this current, and a diaphragm fixed to the armature or reed sets up corresponding vibrations in the air. Moving coil loudspeakers consist essentially of a coil which is placed in the field of a permanent or electro-magnet and which is energised by the varying current. The coil is rigidly connected to a diaphragm.

(2) Piezo-electric loudspeakers, based on the principle that certain natural or artificial crystals are subject to mechanical distortion when an electric current is applied to them. Such loudspeakers are usually known as “crystal loudspeakers”.

(3) Electrostatic loudspeakers (also known as condenser-type loudspeakers). These depend on the electrostatic reactions between two plates (or electrodes), one plate serving as a diaphragm.

Matching transformers and amplifiers are sometimes mounted together with loudspeakers. Generally the electrical input signal received by loudspeakers is in analogue form, however in some cases the input signal is in digital format. Such loudspeakers incorporate digital to analogue converters and amplifiers from which the mechanical vibrations are communicated to the air.

Loudspeakers may be mounted on frames, chassis or in cabinets of different types (often acoustically designed), or even in articles of furniture. They remain classified in this heading provided the main function of the whole is to act as a loudspeaker. Separately presented frames, chassis, cabinets, etc., also fall in this heading provided they are identifiable as being mainly designed for mounting loudspeakers; articles of furniture of Chapter 94 designed to receive loudspeakers in addition to their normal function remain classified in Chapter 94.

The heading includes loudspeakers designed for connection to an automatic data processing machine, when presented separately.


(C) HEADPHONES AND EARPHONES, WHETHER OR NOT COMBINED WITH A MICROPHONE, AND SETS CONSISTING OF A MICROPHONE AND ONE OR MORE LOUDSPEAKERS
Headphones and earphones are electroacoustic receivers used to produce low-intensity sound signals. Like loudspeakers, described above, they transform an electrical effect into an acoustic effect; the means used are the same in both cases, the only difference being in the powers involved.

The heading covers headphones and earphones, whether or not combined with a microphone, for telephony or telegraphy; headsets consisting of a special throat microphone and permanently-fixed earphones (used, for example, in aviation); line telephone handsets which are combined microphone/speaker sets for telephony and which are generally used by telephone operators; headphones and earphones for plugging into radio or television receivers, sound reproducing apparatus or automatic data processing machines.

The heading also covers sets consisting of a microphone and one or more loudspeakers which may be fitted together. A headphone or earphone may be included with the set for private listening. These sets are designed to be plugged into or connected to a central control system which includes an amplifier. These units may be used by participants at meetings or conferences.

The heading also includes prenatal listening apparatus which generally consist of a microphone, a headphone, a loudspeaker, a listening cone, on/off/volume control and battery compartment. This apparatus makes it possible to hear the sounds of a foetus as well as the mother’s heartbeat. This apparatus does not include a sound recording device. The apparatus is designed for non-medical use.

However, electro-diagnostic apparatus of a type designed for use by professionals in medical, surgical or veterinary sciences is classified in heading 90.18.

(D) AUDIO-FREQUENCY ELECTRIC AMPLIFIERS
Audio-frequency amplifiers are used for the amplification of electrical signals of frequencies falling within the range of the human ear. The great majority are based on transistors or integrated circuits, but some are still based on thermionic valves. They are generally powered by a built-in power pack which may be fed from the mains or, particularly in the case of portable amplifiers, from electric accumulators or batteries.

The input signals to audio-frequency amplifiers may be derived from a microphone, a laser optical disc reader, a pick-up cartridge, a magnetic tape head, a radio feeder unit, a film sound track head or some other source of audio-frequency electric signals. Generally speaking, the output is fed into a loudspeaker, but this is not always the case (pre-amplifiers can feed into a succeeding amplifier or be incorporated in an amplifier).

Audio-frequency amplifiers may contain a volume control for varying the gain of the amplifier, and also commonly incorporate controls (bass boost, treble lift, etc.) for varying their frequency response.

The heading includes audio-frequency amplifiers used as repeaters in telephony or as measurement amplifiers.

High or intermediate frequency amplifiers are classified in heading 85.43 as electrical appliances having an individual function. Audio mixers and equalisers are also classified in heading 85.43.


(E) ELECTRIC SOUND AMPLIFIER SETS
This heading also covers amplifier sets consisting of microphones, audio-frequency amplifiers and loudspeakers. This type of equipment is extensively used for public entertainment, public address systems, advertising vehicles, police vehicles or with certain musical instruments, etc. Similar systems are also used on large lorries (particularly those with trailers) for enabling the driver to hear irregular noises or sound signals from behind, which otherwise he could not hear above the sound of the engine.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Airmen’s headgear incorporating headphones with or without a microphone (heading 65.06).

(b) Telephone sets (heading 85.17).

(c) Hearing aids of heading 90.21.


85.19 Sound recording or reproducing apparatus.

This heading covers apparatus for recording sound, apparatus for reproducing sound and apparatus that is capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Generally, sound is recorded onto or reproduced from an internal storage device or media (e.g., magnetic tape, optical media, semiconductor media or other media of heading 85.23).

Sound recording apparatus modify a recording medium so that sound reproducing apparatus can subsequently reproduce the original sound-wave (speech, music, etc.). This includes recording based on the receipt of a sound-wave or by other methods, e.g., by recording data sound files, downloaded from an Internet page or a compact disc by an automatic data processing machine, onto the internal memory (e.g., flash memory) of a digital audio device (e.g., MP3 player). Devices which record sound as digital code generally are not capable of reproducing sound unless they incorporate a means for converting the recording from digital code to an analogue signal.

(I) APPARATUS OPERATED BY COINS, BANKNOTES, BANK CARDS,
TOKENS OR BY OTHER MEANS OF PAYMENT

These apparatus operate by coins, banknotes, bank cards, tokens or other means of payment and allow for the selection and playing of audio recordings in a chosen sequence or randomly. They are commonly referred to as “juke boxes”.

(II) TURNTABLES (RECORD-DECKS)

These apparatus rotate the discs mechanically or electrically. They may or may not incorporate a sound-head, but they do not include an acoustic device nor electrical means of amplifying sound (see “record players” below). They may be fitted with an automatic device enabling a series of records to be played in succession.


(III) TELEPHONE ANSWERING MACHINES

These apparatus are designed to operate in conjunction with a telephone set (but not forming an integral part of the set). They transmit a previously recorded message and may have the capability to record incoming messages left by callers.
(IV) OTHER APPARATUS USING MAGNETIC, OPTICAL OR SEMICONDUCTOR MEDIA

The apparatus of this group may be portable. They may also be equipped with, or designed to be attached to acoustic devices (loudspeakers, earphones, headphones) and an amplifier.

(A) Apparatus using magnetic media

This group includes apparatus which use tapes or other magnetic media. Sound is recorded by altering the magnetic properties of the media. The sound is reproduced by passing the medium in front of a magnetic sound-head. Examples include cassette-players, tape recorders and cassette recorders.

(B) Apparatus using optical media

This group includes apparatus which use optical media. Sound is recorded as digital code converted from amplified currents of variable intensity (analogue signal) onto the surface of the recording medium. Sound is reproduced using a laser to read such medium. Examples include compact disc players and minidisc players. These types also cover apparatus which uses media combining magnetic and optical technologies. An example of such an apparatus uses magneto-optical discs, on which the areas of varying reflectivity are created using a magnetic technology but are read using an optical (e.g., laser) beam.

(C) Apparatus using semiconductor media

This group includes apparatus which use semiconductor (e.g., solid-state non- volatile) media. Sound is recorded as digital code converted from amplified currents of variable intensity (analogue signal) on the recording medium. Sound is reproduced by reading such medium. The semiconductor media may be permanently installed in the apparatus or may be in the form of removable solid-state non-volatile storage media. Examples include flash memory audio players (e.g., certain MP3 players) which are portable battery operated apparatus consisting essentially of a housing incorporating a flash memory (internal or removable), a microprocessor, an electronic system including an audio-frequency amplifier, an LCD screen and control buttons. The microprocessor is programmed to use MP3 or similar file formats. The apparatus can be connected to an automatic data processing machine for downloading MP3 or similar files.

(D) Apparatus using any combination of magnetic, optical or semiconductor media

These apparatus incorporate devices which are capable of recording or reproducing by using any two or all of magnetic, optical or semiconductor media.

(V) OTHER SOUND RECORDING OR SOUND REPRODUCING APPARATUS

This group includes:

(1) Record players. These apparatus produce sound from records (grooved discs) by electric amplifiers and loudspeakers, mechanical vibrations being converted into electrical vibrations by a sound-head (pick-up cartridge). They may be fitted with an automatic device enabling a series of records to be played in succession.

(2) Cinematographic sound recording apparatus which record sound by photoelectrical methods. Sound may be photoelectrically recorded on film as a strip, either (a) of variable area or (b) of variable density.

Cinematographic sound recording apparatus comprises, in addition to the sound recording head, a magazine for holding the film, a motor driving mechanism for synchronising the speed of the film with that of the cinematographic camera working with it, and a film transport mechanism.

(3) Cinematographic sound reproducers. These are equipped with a reader which incorporates a photoelectric sound-head and a charge-coupled device.

(4) Re-recording apparatus, for cinematography, used, for example, for photoelectric or digital rerecording of sound tracks recorded by other means, e.g., magnetically, optically, or electronically.
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PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.22.
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The heading excludes:

(a) Presses or injection moulding machinery for replicating recorded optical discs of plastics (heading 84.77).

(b) Telephone answering machines forming an integral part of a telephone set (heading 85.17).

(c) Separately presented microphones, loudspeakers, audio-frequency electric amplifiers and electric sound amplifier sets (heading 85.18).

(d) Video recording or reproducing apparatus of heading 85.21.

(e) Sound recording or reproducing apparatus combined in the same housing with reception apparatus for radio-broadcasting (heading 85.27).

(f) Sound recording or reproducing apparatus combined with television receivers (heading 85.28).

(g) Cinematographic cameras and projectors combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus (heading 90.07).

°
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 8519.81

This subheading covers apparatus using one or more of the following: magnetic, optical or semiconductor media.


[85.20]


85.21 Video recording or reproducing apparatus, whether or not incorporating a video tuner.


(A) RECORDING AND COMBINED RECORDING
AND REPRODUCING APPARATUS

These are apparatus which, when connected to a television camera or a television receiver, record on media electric impulses (analogue signals) or analogue signals converted into digital code (or a combination of these) which correspond to the images and sound captured by a television camera or received by a television receiver. Generally the images and sound are recorded on the same media. The method of recording can be by magnetic or optical means and the recording media is usually tapes or discs.

The heading also includes apparatus which record, generally on a magnetic disc, digital code representing video images and sound, by transferring the digital code from an automatic data processing machine (e.g., digital video recorders).

In magnetic recording on tape the images and sound are recorded on different tracks on the tape whereas in magnetic recording on disc the images and sound are recorded as magnetic patterns or spots in spiral tracks on the surface of the disc.

In optical recording, digital data representing the images and sound are encoded by a laser onto a disc.

Video recording apparatus which receive signals from a television receiver also incorporate a tuner which enables selection of the desired signal (or channel) from the frequency band of signals transmitted by the television transmitting station.

When used for reproduction, the apparatus convert the recording into video signals. These signals are passed on either to a transmitting station or to a television receiver.


(B) REPRODUCING APPARATUS
These apparatus are designed only to reproduce images and sound directly on a television receiver. The media to be used in these instruments are prerecorded mechanically, magnetically or optically on special recording equipment. The following are examples of such apparatus :

(1) Apparatus using discs in which the image and sound data are stored on the disc by various methods and picked up by a laser optical reading system, capacitive sensor, pressure sensor or magnetic head. Subject to Note 3 to Section XVI, apparatus which are capable of reproducing both video and audio recordings are to be classified in this heading.

(2) Apparatus that decodes and converts into a video signal image data recorded on a light sensitive film (the sound being recorded by a magnetic process on the same film).
PARTS AND ACCESSORIES
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.22.
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The heading excludes:

(a) The recording media of heading 85.23.

(b) Video cameras (heading 85.25).

(c) Reception apparatus for television (whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus) and video monitors and video projectors (heading 85.28).


85.22 Parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of heading 85.19 or 85.21.
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading covers parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of heading 85.19 or 85.21.

The range of parts and accessories classified here includes:

(1) Pick-up cartridges for discs or mechanically recorded sound films. These convert mechanical vibrations (obtained with a stylus which follows the groove in the recorded medium) into electrical impulses.

(2) Laser optical reading systems.

(3) Magnetic type sound-heads for recording, play-back or erasing.

(4) Cassette shaped adapters which enable sound reproduction from a portable optical disc player through a magnetic tape player.

(5) Photoelectric sound-heads.

(6) Apparatus for winding or unwinding tapes. Essentially this apparatus usually consists of two reel supporting brackets, at least one of which is fitted with a device enabling it to be rotated.

(7) Tone-arms, tables for turntables.

(8) Mounted or unmounted worked sapphires and diamonds for styli.

(9) Record cutters. These are component parts of the recording apparatus. They convert sound vibrations into mechanical vibrations and modify the shape of the groove.

(10) Furniture, specially designed and constructed for sound recording or reproducing apparatus.

(11) Cassettes for cleaning the magnetic heads of sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus, whether or not put up in retail packings together with a cleaning solution.

(12) Other specialised parts and accessories for magnetic sound recording or reproducing apparatus, e.g., magnetic erasing heads and bars and erasing machines; magnetic needle-points; scales showing point reached in dictation.

(13) Other specialised parts and accessories for video recording or reproducing apparatus, e.g., video signal recording head drums; vacuum devices for maintaining the magnetic tape in contact with the recording heads or pick-ups; tape-winding devices; etc.

The heading excludes:

(a) Spools, reels or similar supports, including video or audio cassettes without magnetic tape (classified according to their constituent material, for example, in Chapter 39 or Section XV).

(b) Electric motors for sound recording or reproducing apparatus, not combined with parts or accessories of such recording or reproducing apparatus (heading 85.01).

(c) Recording media of heading 85.23.

(d) Devices equipped with sound-heads which are used together with frame viewers on synchronisation tables (heading 90.10).


85.23 Discs, tapes, solid-state non-volatile storage devices, “smart cards” and other media for the recording of sound or of other phenomena, whether or not recorded, including matrices and masters for the production of discs, but excluding products of chapter 37.

This heading covers different types of media, whether or not recorded, for the recording of sound or of other phenomena (e.g., numerical data; text; images, video or other graphical data; software). Such media are generally inserted into or removed from recording or reading apparatus and may be transferred from one recording or reading apparatus to another.

The media of this heading may be presented recorded, unrecorded, or with some pre-recorded information, but capable of having more information recorded on them.

This heading includes media in intermediate forms (e.g., matrices, master discs, mother discs, stamper discs) for use in the mass-production of finished recorded media.

However, this heading does not include the device which records the data on the media or retrieves the data from the media.

In particular, this heading covers:

(A) Magnetic Media

Products of this group are commonly in the form of discs, cards or tapes. They are made using different materials (generally plastics, paper or paperboard, or metal), either magnetic in themselves or coated with a magnetic material. This group includes, for example, cassette tapes and other tapes for tape recorders, tapes for camcorders and other video recording apparatus (e.g., VHS, Hi-8™, mini-DV), diskettes and cards with a magnetic stripe.

This group does not include magneto-optical media.

(B) Optical MEDIA

Products of this group are generally in the form of discs made of glass, metal or plastics with one or more light-reflective layers. Any data (sound or other phenomena) stored on such discs are read by means of a laser beam. This group includes recorded discs and unrecorded discs whether or not rewritable.

This group includes, for example, compact discs (e.g., CDs, V-CDs, CD-ROMs, CD-RAMs), digital versatile discs (DVDs).

This group also includes magneto-optical media.

(C) Semiconductor Media

Products of this group contain one or more electronic integrated circuits.

Thus, this group includes:

(1) Solid-state, non-volatile data storage devices for recording data from an external source (See Note 4 (a) to this chapter). These devices (also known as “flash memory cards” or “flash electronic storage cards”) are used for recording data from an external source, or providing data to, devices such as navigation and global positioning systems, data collection terminals, portable scanners, medical monitoring appliances, audio recording apparatus, personal communicators, mobile phones, digital cameras and automatic data processing machines. Generally, the data are stored onto, and read from, the device once it has been connected to that particular appliance, but can also be uploaded onto or downloaded from an automatic data processing machine.

The media use only power supplied from the appliances to which they are connected, and require no battery. Thesenon-volatile data storage devices are comprised of, in the same housing, one or more flash memories (“FLASH E2PROM/EEPROM”) in the form of integrated circuits mounted on a printed circuit board, and incorporate a connecting socket to a host appliance. They may include capacitors, resistors and a microcontroller in the form of an integrated circuit. Example of solid state non-volatile storage devices are USB flash drives. (2) “Smart cards” (see Note 4 (b) to this chapter), which have embedded in them one or more electronic integrated circuits (a microprocessor, random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM)) in the form of chips. “Smart cards” may contain contacts, a magnetic stripe or an embedded antenna but do not contain any other active or passive circuit elements. These “smart cards” also include certain articles known as “proximity cards or tags” if they meet the conditions of Note 4 (b) to this Chapter. Proximity cards/tags usually consist of an integrated circuit with a read only memory, which is attached to a printed antenna. The card/tag operates by creating a field interference (the nature of which is determined by a code contained in the read only memory) at the antenna in order to affect a signal transmitted from, and reflected back to, the reader. This type of card/tag does not transmit data.
(D) Other

This group includes gramophone records.

This heading excludes:

(a) Photographic or cinematographic films with one or several sound tracks (Chapter 37).

(b) Sensitised film for photoelectric recording (heading 37.02).

(c) Articles intended for use as media for recording sound or other phenomena but not yet prepared as such; these are classified in their respective headings (for example, in Chapter 39 or 48, or Section XV).

(d) Data-bearing paper tapes or punch cards, the recording of which has been made usually by perforation (Chapter 48).

(e) Certain electronic memory modules (e.g., SIMMs (Single In-Line Memory Modules) and DIMMs (Dual In-Line Memory Modules)) which are to be classified by application of Note 2 to Section XVI (see the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter).

(f) Cartridges for game machines (heading 95.04).

[85.24]




85.25 Transmission apparatus for radio-broadcasting or television, whether or not incorporating reception apparatus or sound recording or reproducing apparatus; television cameras, digital cameras and video camera recorders.
(A) TRANSMISSION APPARATUS FOR RADIO-BROADCASTING
OR TELEVISION, WHETHER OR NOT INCORPORATING
RECEPTION APPARATUS OR SOUND RECORDING
OR REPRODUCING APPARATUS

The apparatus for radio-broadcasting falling in this group must be for the transmission of signals by means of electro-magnetic waves transmitted through the ether without any line connection. On the other hand television apparatus falls here whether the transmission is by electro-magnetic waves or by line.

This group includes:

(1) Transmitters for radio-broadcasting or television.

(2) Relay apparatus used to pick up a broadcast and retransmit it and so increase the range (including television relay apparatus for mounting in aircraft).

(3) Relay television transmitters for transmission, by means of an aerial and parabolic reflector, from the studio or site of an outside broadcast to the main transmitter.

(4) Television transmitters for industrial use (e.g., for reading instruments at a distance, or for observation in dangerous localities). With this apparatus the transmission is often by line.

(B) TELEVISION CAMERAS, DIGITAL CAMERAS AND
VIDEO CAMERA RECORDERS

This group covers cameras that capture images and convert them into an electronic signal that is:

(1) transmitted as a video image to a location outside the camera for viewing or remote recording (i.e., television cameras); or

(2) recorded in the camera as a still image or as a motion picture (i.e., digital cameras and video camera recorders).

Many of the cameras of this heading may physically resemble the photographic cameras of heading 90.06 or the cinematographic cameras of heading 90.07. The cameras in heading 85.25 and the cameras in Chapter 90 typically include optical lenses to focus the image on a light-sensitive medium and adjustments to vary the amount of light entering the camera. However, photographic and cinematographic cameras of Chapter 90 expose images onto photographic film of Chapter 37, while the cameras of this heading convert the images into analogue or digital data.

The cameras of this heading capture an image by focusing the image onto a light-sensitive device, such as a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or charge-coupled device (CCD). The light-sensitive device sends an electrical representation of the images to be further processed into an analogue or digital record of the images.

Television cameras may or may not have an incorporated device for remote control of lens and diaphragm as well as for remote control of the horizontal and vertical movement of the camera (e.g., television cameras for television studios or for reporting, those used for industrial or scientific purposes, in closed circuit television (surveillance) or for supervising traffic). These cameras do not have any inbuilt capability of recording images.

Some of these cameras may also be used with automatic data processing machines (e.g., webcams).

“Travelling”, mobile mechanical equipment for television cameras, whether or not presented separately, is excluded from this heading (heading 84.28).

Also excluded from this heading is electrical equipment for long-distance control and focussing of television cameras, when presented separately (heading 85.37).

In digital cameras and video camera recorders, images are recorded onto an internal storage device or onto media (e.g., magnetic tape, optical media, semiconductor media or other media of heading 85.23). They may include an analogue/digital converter (ADC) and an output terminal which provides the means to send images to units of automatic data processing machines, printers, televisions or other viewing machines. Some digital cameras and video camera recorders include input terminals so that they can internally record analogue or digital image files from such external machines.

Generally, the cameras of this group are equipped with an optical viewfinder or a liquid crystal display (LCD), or both. Many cameras equipped with an LCD can employ the display both as a viewfinder when capturing images and as a screen for displaying images received from other sources or for reproducing images already recorded.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.29.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Apparatus of heading 85.17.

(b) Separately presented radio-broadcasting reception apparatus for incorporation in relay apparatus (heading 85.27).

(c) Satellite television receivers and satellite television reception systems (heading 85.28).

(d) Special purpose vehicles permanently equipped with radio-broadcasting or television transmitters of this heading (generally heading 87.05).

(e) Telecommunication satellites (heading 88.02).


85.26 Radar apparatus, radio navigational aid apparatus and radio remote control apparatus. This heading includes:

(1) Radio navigational aid equipment (e.g., radio beacons and radio buoys, with fixed or rotating aerials; receivers, including radio compasses equipped with multiple aerials or with a directional frame aerial). It also includes global positioning system (GPS) receivers.

(2) Ship or aircraft navigational radar equipment (whether for mounting on the ship, aircraft, etc., or on land), including port radar equipment, and identification equipment placed on buoys, beacons, etc.

(3) Blind approach landing or traffic control apparatus for airports. These are very complex. Certain types combine normal radio, radar and television devices showing at the control point the position and height of aircraft in the neighbourhood, and transmitting to the aircraft both the necessary instructions for landing and the radar picture of other aircraft in the vicinity.

(4) Radar height measuring apparatus (radio altimeters).

(5) Meteorological radar for tracking storm clouds or meteorological balloons.

(6) Blind bombing equipment.

(7) Radar devices for proximity fuses of shells or bombs.

The complete fuses with their detonator fall in heading 93.06.

(8) Air raid warning radar apparatus.

(9) Range and direction finding radar apparatus for naval or anti-aircraft guns.

(10) Radar transponders; these receive radar pulses and transmit pulses often carrying superimposed intelligence in response to those it receives. Transponders are used on aircraft to enable them to be identified by radar operators, and in instrument balloons for the determination of range and direction and the transmission of meteorological information.

(11) Radio apparatus for the remote control of ships, pilotless aircraft, rockets, missiles, toys, model ships or aircraft, etc.

(12) Radio apparatus for the detonation of mines, or for the remote control of machines.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.29.
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Special purpose vehicles permanently equipped with radar or other apparatus of this heading are excluded (generally heading 87.05).


85.27 Reception apparatus for radio-broadcasting, whether or not combined, in the same housing, with sound recording or reproducing apparatus or a clock.
The sound radio-broadcasting apparatus falling in this heading must be for the reception of signals by means of electro-magnetic waves transmitted through the ether without any line connection.

This group includes:

(1) Domestic radio receivers of all kinds (table models, consoles, receivers for mounting in furniture, walls, etc., portable models, receivers, whether or not combined, in the same housing, with sound recording or reproducing apparatus or a clock).

(2) Car radio receivers.

(3) Separately presented reception apparatus for incorporation in relay apparatus of heading 85.25.

(4) Pocket-size radio cassette-players (see Subheading Note 1 to this Chapter).

(5) Stereo systems (hi-fi systems) containing a radio receiver, put up in sets for retail sale, consisting of modular units in their own separate housing, e.g., in combination with a CD player, a cassette recorder, an amplifier with equaliser, loudspeakers, etc. The radio receiver gives the system its essential character.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.29.
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The heading excludes, inter alia:

(a) Articles of heading 85.17 or 85.25.

(b) Special purpose vehicles permanently equipped with radio-broadcasting receivers of this heading (generally heading 87.05).

85.28 Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus; reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus.


This heading includes:

(1) Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus.

(2) Television reception apparatus, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus, for the display of signals (television sets).

(3) Apparatus for the reception of television signals, without display capabilities (e.g., receivers of satellite television broadcasts).

Monitors, projectors and television sets utilize different technologies, such as CRT (cathode-ray tube), LCD (liquid crystal display), DMD (digital micromirror device), OLED (organic light emitting diodes) and plasma, to display images.

Monitors and projectors may be capable of receiving a variety of signals from different sources. However, if they incorporate a television tuner they are considered to be reception apparatus for television.
(A) MONITORS OF A KIND SOLELY OR PRINCIPALLY USED IN AN AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM OF HEADING 84.71

This group includes CRT and non-CRT (e.g., flat panel screen) monitors which provide a graphical presentation of the data processed. These monitors are distinguishable from other types of monitors (see (B) below) and from television receivers. They include:

(1) Those monitors which are capable of accepting a signal only from the central processing unit of an automatic data processing machine and, therefore, are not able to reproduce a colour image from a composite video signal whose waveform conforms to a broadcast standard (NTSC, SECAM, PAL, D-MAC, etc.). They are fitted with connectors characteristic of data processing systems (e.g., RS-232C interface, DIN or SUB-D connectors) and do not have an audio circuit. They are controlled by special adaptors (e.g., monochrome or graphics adaptors) which are integrated in the central processing unit of the automatic data processing machine.

(2) CRT monitors having a display pitch size starting at 0.41 mm for medium resolution, which gets smaller as the resolution, increases.

(3) Those CRT monitors which, in order to accommodate the presentation of small yet well-defined images, utilize smaller dot (pixel) sizes and greater convergence standards than those applicable to the monitors described at (B) below and television receivers. (Convergence is the ability of the electron gun(s) to excite a single spot on the face of the cathode-ray tube without disturbing any of the adjoining spots.)

(4) CRT monitors whose video frequency (bandwidth), which is the measurement determining how many dots can be transmitted per second to form the image, is generally 15 MHz or greater. Whereas, in the case of the monitors described at (B) below, the bandwidth is generally no greater than 6 MHz. The horizontal scanning frequency of these monitors varies according to the standards for various display modes, generally from 15 kHz to over 155 kHz. Many are capable of multiple horizontal scanning frequencies. The horizontal scanning frequency of the monitors described at (B) below is fixed, usually 15.6 or 15.7 kHz depending on the applicable television standard. Moreover, the monitors of this group do not operate in conformity with national or international broadcast frequency standards for public broadcasting or with frequency standards for closed-circuit television.

The monitors of this group are characterised by low electromagnetic field emissions and they frequently incorporate tilt and swivel adjusting mechanisms, glare-free surfaces, flicker-free display, and other ergonomic design characteristics to facilitate prolonged periods of viewing at close proximity to the monitor.
(B) MONITORS OTHER THAN THOSE OF A KIND SOLELY OR PRINCIPALLY USED IN AN AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM OF HEADING 84.71

This group includes monitors which are receivers connected directly to the video camera or recorder by means of co-axial cables, so that all the radio-frequency circuits are eliminated. They are used by television companies or for closed-circuit television (airports, railway stations, factories, hospitals, etc.). These apparatus consist essentially of devices which can generate a point of light and display it on a screen synchronously with the source signals. They incorporate one or more video amplifiers with which the intensity of the point can be varied. They can, moreover, have separate inputs for red (R), green (G) and blue (B), or be coded in accordance with a particular standard (NTSC, SECAM, PAL, D-MAC, etc.). For reception of coded signals, the monitor must be equipped with a decoding device covering (the separation of) the R, G and B signals. The most common means of image reconstitution is the cathode-ray tube, for direct vision, or a projector with up to three projection cathode-ray tubes; however, other monitors achieve the same objective by different means (e.g., liquid crystal screens, diffraction of light rays on to a film of oil). These may be in the form of CRT monitors or flat panel displays, e.g., LCD, LED, plasma.

(C) PROJECTORS

Projectors enable the image normally reproduced on the screen of a television receiver or of a monitor to be projected on an external surface. They may be based on CRT or flat panel (e.g., DMD, LCD, plasma) technology.

(D) RECEPTION APPARATUS FOR TELEVISION

This group includes apparatus whether or not designed to incorporate a video display or screen, such as:

(1) Receivers of television broadcasts (terrestrial, cable or satellite) which do not include a display device (CRT, LCD, etc.). These apparatus receive signals and convert them into a signal suitable for display. They may also incorporate a modem for connection to the Internet. These receivers are intended to be used with video recording or reproducing apparatus, monitors, projectors or televisions. However, devices which simply isolate high-frequency television signals (sometimes called video tuners) are to be classified as parts in heading 85.29. (2) Television receivers for industrial use (e.g., for reading instruments at a distance, or for observation in dangerous localities). With this apparatus the transmission is often by line.

(3) Television receivers of all kinds (LCD, plasma, CRT, etc.) used in the home (television sets), whether or not incorporating a radio-broadcast receiver, video cassette recorder, DVD player, DVD recorder, satellite receiver, etc.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.29.
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The heading excludes, inter alia:

(a) Video recording or reproducing apparatus (heading 85.21).

(b) Special purpose vehicles (e.g., vans for broadcasting) permanently equipped with television receivers or other apparatus of this heading (generally heading 87.05).

(c) Cinematographic projectors (heading 90.07) and image projectors of heading 90.08.

85.29 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 85.25 to 85.28.
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading covers parts of the apparatus of the four preceding headings. The range of parts classified here includes:

(1) Aerials of all kinds and aerial reflectors, transmission and reception.

(2) Rotor systems for radio-broadcast or television-broadcast receiving aerials consisting essentially of an electric motor mounted on the aerial mast to rotate it and a separate control box to aim and position the aerial.

(3) Cases and cabinets specialised to receive the apparatus of headings 85.25 to 85.28.

(4) Aerial filters and separators.

(5) Frames (chassis).
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This heading excludes:

(a) Aerial masts (e.g., heading 73.08).

(b) High-tension generators (heading 85.04).

(c) Accumulators for cellular phones also referred to as mobile phones (heading 85.07).

(d) Parts equally suitable for use principally with the goods of heading 85.17 and of headings 85.25 to 85.28 (heading 85.17).

(e) Earphones and headphones, whether or not combined with a microphone, for telephony or telegraphy as well as earphones and headphones which can be connected to radio or television receivers (heading 85.18).

(f) Cathode-ray tubes and parts thereof (e.g., deflection coils) (heading 85.40).

(g) Aerial amplifiers and radio-frequency oscillator units (heading 85.43).

(h) Lenses and optical filters for television cameras (heading 90.02).


85.30 Electrical signalling, safety or traffic control equipment for railways, tramways, roads, inland waterways, parking facilities, port installations or airfields (other than those of heading 86.08).

This heading covers all electrical equipment used for controlling the traffic on railways, hovertrain systems, roads or inland waterways. To a certain extent similar equipment is also used for controlling ships or boats (e.g., in harbours), aircraft (e.g., at airports) and for parking facilities, and this equipment is also covered by the heading. But the heading excludes similar equipment which is operated mechanically, even if incorporating minor electrical features (e.g., mechanical signals with electrical means of illumination, or hydraulic or pneumatic controls set in motion electrically); this falls in heading 86.08.

Static signs, even if lit electrically (e.g., illuminated panels used as direction signs), are not regarded as traffic control equipment. They are therefore not covered by this heading but are classified in their own appropriate headings (headings 83.10, 94.05, etc.).

(A) Railway or tramway equipment (including equipment for underground mine railways) and hovertrain transport system equipment. This falls in two groups:

(B) Equipment for roads, inland waterways or parking facilities. This group includes:

(C) Electrical traffic control equipment for port installations or airfields.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading does not cover electrical lighting or signalling equipment for mounting on cycles or motor vehicles (heading 85.12).


85.31 Electric sound or visual signalling apparatus (for example, bells, sirens, indicator panels, burglar or fire alarms), other than those of heading 85.12 or 85.30.
With the exception of signalling apparatus used on cycles or motor vehicles (heading 85.12) and that for traffic control on roads, railways, etc. (heading 85.30), this heading covers all electrical apparatus used for signalling purposes, whether using sound for the transmission of the signal (bells, buzzers, hooters, etc.) or using visual indication (lamps, flaps, illuminated numbers, etc.), and whether operated by hand (e.g., door bells) or automatically (e.g., burglar alarms).

Static signs, even if lit electrically (e.g., lamps, lanterns, illuminated panels, etc.) are not regarded as signalling apparatus. They are therefore not covered by this heading but are classified in their own appropriate headings (headings 83.10, 94.05, etc.).

The heading includes, inter alia:

(A) Electric bells, buzzers, door chimes, etc. The bells consist essentially of an electro-magnetically operated appliance which causes a small hammer to vibrate and strike a bell dome. Buzzers are similar but without the bell dome. Both are used very extensively for domestic purposes (e.g., as door bells), and in offices, hotels, etc. The heading also covers electric door chimes in which one or more metal tubes are struck, emitting a musical note or series of musical notes, and electrically operated church bells, other than carillons suitable for playing music (Chapter 92).

Electric bells and door chimes are usually designed to be operated from a low tension supply (primary cell or battery), but in certain cases they incorporate a transformer to step down the mains voltage.

(B) Electric sound signalling apparatus, horns, sirens, etc. The sound is produced by a vibrating reed, by a rotating disc set in motion electrically or electronic sound generator; they include factory sirens, air raid sirens, ships’ sirens, etc.

(C) Other electrical signalling apparatus (winking or intermittent lights, etc.) for aircraft, ships, trains or other vehicles (other than for cycles or motor vehicles heading 85.12), but not radio or radar apparatus of heading 85.26.

(D) Indicator panels and the like. These are used (e.g., in offices, hotels and factories) for calling personnel, indicating where a certain person or service is required, indicating whether a room is free or not. They include:

Certain of these indicator panels, etc., also incorporate bells or other sound signalling devices.

The heading does not cover public maps of roads or railways in which a particular place, road, section or route is illuminated on pressing an appropriate button, nor electric advertising signs.

(E) Burglar alarms. These consist of two parts: a detecting part, and a signalling part (bell, buzzer, visual indicator, etc.) which is set off automatically when the detecting part operates. Burglar alarms operate by various means, e.g.:

(F) Fire alarms. Automatic alarms also consist of two parts: a detecting part, and a signalling part (bell, buzzer, visual indicator, etc.). They include:

In addition to the automatic fire alarms, the heading also covers non-automatic alarms, such as are mounted in streets, for calling the fire brigade.

(G) Electric vapour or gas alarms, consisting of a detector and a sound or visual alarm, to warn of the presence of hazardous gaseous mixtures (e.g., natural gas, methane).

(H) Flame alarms (flame detectors) incorporating a photoelectric cell which operates the alarm through a relay when the flame lights or goes out. Detectors not incorporating electric sound or visual alarm devices are classified in heading 85.36.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.


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The heading also excludes:

(a) Switches and switch-panels, whether or not incorporating simple indicating lights (heading 85.36 or 85.37).

(b) Fire alarms incorporating smoke detectors containing a radioactive substance (heading 90.22).

(c) LCD monitors or television receivers (heading 85.28).


85.32 Electrical capacitors, fixed, variable or adjustable (pre-set).

Electrical capacitors (or condensers) consist, in principle, of two conducting surfaces separated by an insulating material (dielectric), e.g., air, paper, mica, oil, resins, rubber and plastics, ceramics or glass.

They are used for various purposes in many branches of the electrical industry (e.g., to improve the power factor of AC circuits, to produce phase-shifted currents for rotating fields in induction motors, to protect electrical contacts from the effects of arcing, for storing and releasing given quantities of electricity, in oscillating circuits, in frequency filters, and very widely in the radio, television or telephone industries or for industrial electronic equipment).

Their characteristics (shape, size, capacitance, nature of dielectric, etc.) vary according to their intended use. The heading, however, covers all capacitors irrespective of their type and method of manufacture and whatever their intended use (including standard capacitors used in laboratories or in numerous measuring instruments, specially made within fine limits and designed to remain constant during use).

The heading also covers capacitors grouped together on a chassis or in a container (e.g., certain large power factor capacitors and capacitor boxes consisting of a number of standard capacitors with means of connecting them together, in series or in parallel, to obtain any required capacitance).

(A) FIXED CAPACITORS

Fixed capacitors are those in which the capacitance cannot be varied. The main types are : dry capacitors, “ oil ” impregnated capacitors, “gas” impregnated capacitors, “oil” filled capacitors and electrolytic capacitors.

(1) In dry capacitors the plates and dielectric are usually in the form of superimposed plates or rolled strip or foil. In certain dry capacitors a metal covering is applied by a chemical or thermic process to a fixed dielectric. Dry capacitors may be enclosed in a clamp-equipped box or be used without a box.

(2) “Oil” impregnated capacitors are similar to dry capacitors but the dielectric, usually of plastic film or plastic film and paper, is impregnated with oil or other liquid.

(3) “Gas” impregnated capacitors are capacitors consisting of two or more electrodes separated by a gas, other than air, which serves as a dielectric.

(4) In some cases the capacitor (“oil filled capacitor”) is enclosed in a container filled with oil or other suitable liquid, and many incorporate accessory devices such as pressure gauges and safety valves.

(5) In electrolytic capacitors, one of the plates is generally of aluminium or tantalum while the role of the other is fulfilled by a suitable electrolyte to which the current is led by means of an electrode, sometimes similar in form to the aluminium or tantalum plate. The electrolytic action produces on the aluminium or tantalum a thin layer of complex chemical compounds which thereafter constitutes the dielectric. The capacitor is sometimes enclosed in a container, but generally the outer electrode itself constitutes the container; these capacitors are often fitted with a pin base similar to that of a valve. Certain capacitors of this type containing a pasty form of electrolyte are also called “dry electrolytic capacitors”.

(B) VARIABLE CAPACITORS

Variable capacitors are those in which the capacitance can be varied at will. In most cases air is the dielectric, and the plates usually consist of two groups of metal plates, one group fixed while the other, mounted on an axis, can be turned so that its plates can pass between the fixed plates. The degree to which the mobile plates (rotors) are turned and overlap with the fixed plates (stators) varies the capacitance of the capacitor.

(C) PRE-SET OR ADJUSTABLE CAPACITORS

Pre-set or adjustable capacitors (including trimming capacitors) are those in which the capacitance can be adjusted within narrow limits to a precise value. This adjustment can be made in different ways. In certain types the distance between the plates may be varied by means of a screw. Other types consist of two metal cylinders, one of which can be moved to a variable extent within the other or of two mutually moved semicircles. Usually, the dielectrics used are, for example, mica, ceramics, plastics or air.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of capacitors are also classified here.


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The heading does not cover certain synchronous motors used for power factor improvement, even though they are often called “synchronous capacitors” (heading 85.01).

°
° °

Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 8532.23

This subheading covers single layer ceramic dielectric fixed capacitors, which are in the form of discs or tubes.

Subheading 8532.24

This subheading covers multilayered ceramic dielectric fixed capacitors, which have connecting leads or are in the form of chips.

85.33 Electrical resistors (including rheostats and potentiometers), other than heating resistors.



(A) Resistors (resistances). These are conductors whose function is to provide a given electrical resistance in a circuit (e.g., to limit the current flowing). They vary greatly in size and shape, and in the materials of which they are made. They may be made of metals (in the form of bars, shapes or wire, often coiled in bobbins) or of carbon in the form of rods, or of carbon, silicon carbide, metal or metal oxide film. They may be obtained in the form of individual components by a printing process. Certain resistors may be fitted with a number of terminals allowing the whole or part to be included in the circuit.

The heading includes:

The heading excludes:

(a) Heating resistors (heading 85.16 or 85.45). (b) Light dependent resistors (heading 85.41).

(B) Rheostats. These are variable resistors with a sliding contact or other means enabling the value of resistance in the circuit to be varied at will. They include, slide wire rheostats with a cursor sliding over a resistance coil; step-by-step rheostats; hydro-rheostats with movable electrodes immersed in a liquid conductor; automatic rheostats (e.g., with minimum or maximum current or voltage operating mechanisms); and centrifugal rheostats.

Certain rheostats are designed for particular purposes (e.g., theatre dimmers used in a lighting circuit to extinguish the lighting slowly; and motor starters and controllers consisting of a number of resistors with the necessary switching arrangement for switching in or out one or more resistors in the motor circuit). Nevertheless, they remain classified here.

(C) Potentiometers. These consist of a fixed resistor between two contacts and a sliding tapping which can make contact on any point of the resistor.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the resistors of this heading are also classified here.

85.34 Printed circuits.

In accordance with Note 5 to this Chapter, this heading covers the circuits which are made by forming on an insulating base, by any printing process (conventional printing or embossing, plating-up, etching, etc.), conductor elements (wiring), contacts or other printed components such as inductances, resistors and capacitors (“passive” elements), other than elements which can produce, rectify, detect, modulate or amplify electric signals, such as diodes, triodes or other “active” elements. Some basic or “blank” circuits may comprise only printed conductor elements generally consisting of thin uniform strips or wafers with, if appropriate, connectors or contact devices. Others combine several of the above elements according to a pre-established pattern.

The insulating base material is generally flat but may also be in the shape of a cylinder, a truncated cone, etc. The circuit may be printed on one or both sides (double circuits). Several printed circuits may be assembled in multiple layers and interconnected (multiple circuits).

The heading also covers thin- or thick-film circuits consisting solely of passive elements.

Thin-film circuits are formed by the deposition on glass or ceramic plates of specific patterns of metallic and dielectric film, by vacuum evaporation, cathode sputtering or chemical methods. The patterns may be formed by deposition through masks or by deposition of a continuous sheet with subsequent selective etching.

Thick-film circuits are formed by screen printing onto ceramic plates of similar patterns, using pastes (or inks) containing mixtures of powdered glass, ceramics and metals with suitable solvents. The plates are then furnace-fired.

Printed circuits may be provided with holes or fitted with non-printed connecting elements either for mounting mechanical elements or for the connection of electrical components not obtained during the printing process. Film circuits are generally supplied in metallic, ceramic or plastic capsules which are fitted with connecting leads or terminals.

Individual passive components such as inductances, capacitors and resistors obtained by any printing process are not regarded as printed circuits of this heading but are classifiable in their own appropriate headings (e.g., heading 85.04, 85.16, 85.32 or 85.33).

Circuits on which mechanical elements or electrical components have been mounted or connected are not regarded as printed circuits within the meaning of this heading. They generally fall to be classified in accordance with Note 2 to Section XVI or Note 2 to Chapter 90, as the case may be.

85.35 Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, or for making connections to or in electrical circuits (for example, switches, fuses, lightning arresters, voltage limiters, surge suppressors, plugs and other connectors, junction boxes), for a voltage exceeding 1,000 volts.

This heading covers electrical apparatus generally used in power distribution systems. The provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 85.36 apply, mutatis mutandis, as regards the technical characteristics and the functioning of apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, or for making connections to or in electrical circuits. The heading covers apparatus of the kinds described in Explanatory Note to heading 85.36, when for a voltage exceeding 1,000 volts.

These include:

(A) Fuses and automatic circuit breakers which automatically interrupt the current when its intensity or voltage exceeds a certain limit.

(B) Make-and-break switches specialised for high tension circuits. They are usually of a complex and robust construction having special devices to prevent arcing, and they may have multiple contacts or be remote controlled by different means (e.g., levers, servomotors). These switches are often mounted in containers of metal or insulating material, which have been filled with a fluid (e.g., oil) or a gas, or in which a vacuum has been created.

(C) Lightning arresters. These are protective devices designed to protect high tension cables or electrical installations from the effects of lightning; they consist of a device normally insulating to the high tension line but which breaks down and becomes a conducting path to earth in the event of exceptionally high voltages which otherwise would damage the line or electrical installation. Among the many types are metal oxide arresters, carbon granule arresters, arresters consisting of a horned spark gap or guard shield mounted on an insulator or an insulator chain, electrolytic arresters, etc. However, lightning arresters based on the principle of radioactivity are classified in heading 90.22.

(D) Voltage limiters. These are devices intended to ensure that the potential difference between two conductors or between the conductors and the earth does not exceed a predetermined value. These devices are sometimes constructed in the same manner as discharge lamps, but not being usable for lighting purposes, they cannot be considered as lamps.

However, the heading does not cover automatic voltage regulators (heading 90.32).

(E) Isolating switches are used for isolating sections of a line; they are of the slow break type, but unlike make-and-break switches they are not generally intended to be used when the circuit is loaded.

(F) Surge or spike suppressors. These are assemblies of coils, capacitors, etc., inserted in series or in parallel with a line or electrical apparatus to absorb high frequency surges. Simple coils or capacitors used on their own for this purpose remain classified in their respective headings.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.38.


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The heading excludes assemblies (other than simple switch assemblies) of the apparatus mentioned above (heading 85.37).

85.36 Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, or for making connections to or in electrical circuits (for example, switches, relays, fuses, surge suppressors, plugs, sockets, lamp-holders and other connectors, junction boxes), for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts; connectors for optical fibres, optical fibre bundles or cables.


This heading covers electrical apparatus for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts generally used for dwellings or industrial equipment. However, heading 85.35 covers the apparatus described below for a voltage exceeding 1,000 volts. This heading also covers connectors for optical fibres, optical fibre bundles or cables.

The heading includes:

(I) APPARATUS FOR SWITCHING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

These apparatus consist essentially of devices for making or breaking one or more circuits in which they are connected, or for switching from one circuit to another; they may be known as single pole, double pole, triple pole, etc., according to the number of switch circuits incorporated. This group also includes change-over switches and relays.

(A) The switches of this heading include small switches for use in radio apparatus, electrical instruments, etc., switches of a kind used in domestic electrical wiring (e.g., tumbler switches, lever operated switches, rotary switches, pendant switches, push button switches) and switches for industrial application (such as, limit switches, cam switches, microswitches and proximity switches).

Switches operated by the opening or closing of a door and automatic thermo-electric switches (starters) for starting fluorescent lamps are classified here.

Other examples classified here include electronic AC switches consisting of optically coupled input and output circuits (insulated thyristor AC switches); electronic switches, including temperature protected electronic switches, consisting of a transistor and a logic chip (chip-on-chip technology) for a voltage not exceeding 1,000 volts; and electro-mechanical snap-action switches for a current not exceeding 11 amps (toggle switch).

Electronic switches which operate by contactless means, using semiconductor components (e.g., for transistors, thyristors, integrated circuits).

Door locks which themselves incorporate a switch are excluded (heading 83.01).

(B) Change-over switches are used to connect one or more lines to one or more other lines.

In the simplest type one line is connected to a central point which, by means of a moving arm, can be connected to any one of the other lines. More complicated apparatus of this type includes starting switches for electric motors, and control gear for electric vehicles. These often include not only the switching gear, but also a number of resistors to be switched in or out of the circuit as required (see Explanatory Note to heading 85.33).

The heading also covers complicated switching-units used in radio or television sets, etc.

(C) Relays are electrical devices by means of which the circuit is automatically controlled by a change in the same or another circuit. They are used, for example, in telecommunication apparatus, road or rail signalling apparatus, for the control or protection of machine-tools, etc.

The various types can be distinguished by, for example:

Contactors, which are also considered as relays, are devices for making and breaking electrical circuits, which automatically reset without a mechanical locking device or hand operation. They are generally operated and maintained in an active state by an electric current.

(II) APPARATUS FOR PROTECTING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
The heading includes fuses. These normally consist of a device in which a length of fuse wire is incorporated (or can be incorporated) so that, when they are inserted in the circuit, the fuse wire will melt and so break the circuit if the current increases dangerously. They vary considerably in design according to the type of circuit and current for which they are intended. Cartridge fuses consist of a tube containing the fuse wire in contact with metal caps at the ends; other fuses consist of a base or socket (for incorporation in the line), and a connecting piece (which may be screwed into the socket or pushed in between spring contacts) on which the fuse wire is mounted. The heading covers the complete fuse, with or without wire. Sockets and connecting pieces presented separately are also classified here except those wholly of insulating material (apart from any minor components of metal incorporated during moulding solely for purposes of assembly) (heading 85.47). Fuse wire is classified according to its constituent material, but short lengths of fuse wire with loops or other means of connection so as to be ready for use remain in this heading.

The heading includes other devices for preventing overload of circuits (e.g., electro-magnetic devices which automatically break the circuit when the current exceeds a certain value).

The heading also excludes constant voltage transformers (heading 85.04) and automatic voltage regulators (heading 90.32).

(III) APPARATUS FOR MAKING CONNECTIONS TO OR IN
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

This apparatus is used to connect together the various parts of an electrical circuit. It includes :

(A) Plugs, sockets and other contacts for connecting a movable lead or apparatus to an installation which is usually fixed. This category includes:

Plugs and sockets, etc., assembled with a length of wire are excluded (heading 85.44).

(B) Other connectors, terminals, terminal strips, etc. These include small squares of insulating material fitted with electrical connectors (dominoes), terminals which are metal parts intended for the reception of conductors, and small metal parts designed to be fitted on the end of electrical wiring to facilitate electrical connection (spade terminals, crocodile clips, etc.).

Terminal strips consist of strips of insulating material fitted with a number of metal terminals or connectors to which electrical wiring can be fixed. The heading also covers tag strips or panels; these consist of a number of metal tags set in insulating material so that electrical wires can be soldered to them. Tag strips are used in radio or other electrical apparatus.

(C) Junction boxes. These consist of boxes fitted internally with terminals or other devices for connecting together electrical wires. Boxes not fitted with means of electrical connection or provisions therefor, are excluded and are classified according to their constituent material.

(IV) CONNECTORS FOR OPTICAL FIBRES, OPTICAL FIBRE BUNDLES OR CABLES

For the purpose of heading 85.36, “connectors for optical fibres, optical fibre bundles or cables” means connectors that simply mechanically align optical fibres end to end in a digital line system. They perform no other function, such as the amplification, regeneration or modification of a signal. Connectors for optical fibres, without cables, remain classified in this heading but those connectors for optical fibres with cables are excluded (heading 85.44 or 90.01).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are classified in heading 85.38.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Non-linear voltage resistors (varistors/VDR) used as voltage controllers (heading 85.33).

(b) Assemblies (other than simple switch assemblies) of the apparatus mentioned above (heading 85.37).

(c) Semiconductor diodes used as voltage controllers (heading 85.41).

85.37 Boards, panels, consoles, desks, cabinets and other bases, equipped with two or more apparatus of heading 85.35 or 85.36, for electric control or the distribution of electricity, including those incorporating instruments or apparatus of Chapter 90, and numerical control apparatus, other than switching apparatus of heading 85.17.



These consist of an assembly of apparatus of the kind referred to in the two preceding headings (e.g., switches and fuses) on a board, panel, console, etc., or mounted in a cabinet, desk, etc. They usually also incorporate meters, and sometimes also subsidiary apparatus such as transformers, valves, voltage regulators, rheostats or luminous circuit diagrams.

The goods of this heading vary from small switchboards with only a few switches, fuses, etc. (e.g., for lighting installations) to complex control panels for machine-tools, rolling mills, power stations, radio stations, etc., including assemblies of several of the articles cited in the text of this heading.

The heading also covers:

(1) Numerical control panels with built-in automatic data processing machine, which are generally used to control machine-tools.

(2) Programmed switchboards to control apparatus; these permit variations in the choice of operations to be followed. They are normally used in domestic electrical appliances, such as washing machines and dish washers.

(3) “ Programmable controllers ” which are digital apparatus using a programmable memory for the storage of instructions for implementing specific functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic, to control, through digital or analog input/output modules, various types of machines.

The heading does not cover automatic controlling apparatus of heading 90.32.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are classified in heading 85.38.


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The heading excludes:

(a) Telephone switchboards (heading 85.17).

(b) Simple switch assemblies, such as those consisting of two switches and a connector (heading 85.35 or 85.36).

(c) Cordless infrared devices for the remote control of television receivers, video recorders or other electrical equipment (heading 85.43).

(d) Time switches with clock or watch movement or with synchronous motor (heading 91.07).


85.38 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of heading 85.35, 85.36 or 85.37.

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading covers parts of the goods of the three preceding headings.

The heading includes, for example, boards for switchboards, generally of plastics or metal, without their instruments, provided they are clearly recognisable as parts of switchboards.


85.39 Electric filament or discharge lamps, including sealed beam lamp units and ultra-violet or infra-red lamps; arc-lamps.

Electric light lamps consist of glass or quartz containers, of various shapes, containing the necessary elements for converting electrical energy into light rays (including infra-red or ultra-violet rays).

The heading covers all electric light lamps, whether or not specially designed for particular uses (including flashlight discharge lamps).

The heading covers filament lamps, gas or vapour discharge lamps and arc-lamps.

(A) SEALED BEAM LAMP UNITS

Sealed beam lamp units are sometimes designed for incorporation in the bodywork of cars; they consist of a lens and reflector and a filament sealed within a gas-filled or vacuum-type lamp.

(B) OTHER FILAMENT LAMPS, EXCLUDING ULTRA-VIOLET
OR INFRA-RED LAMPS (see Part (D))

The light is produced by a filament (metal or carbon) which is heated to incandescence by the passage of an electric current, the glass envelope (sometimes coloured) being either evacuated or filled with an inert gas under low pressure; in the base, which may be of the screw or bayonet type for fixing in the lamp-holder, are the necessary electrical contacts.

These lamps are of various shapes, e.g., spherical (with or without a neck); pear or onion shaped; flame shaped; tubular (straight or curved); special fancy shapes for illuminations, decorations, Christmas trees, etc.

This group also covers halogen lamps.

(C) DISCHARGE LAMPS, OTHER THAN ULTRA-VIOLET LAMPS
(see Part (D))

These consist of a glass envelope (usually tubular) or a quartz envelope (usually in an outer envelope of glass), furnished with electrodes and containing, under low pressure, either a gas which becomes luminous under the influence of an electric discharge or a substance which gives off a vapour having similar properties; certain lamps may contain both a gas and a vapour producing substance. Some lamps have valves for the removal of compounds resulting from the action of the gas on the electrodes; others may be vacuum jacketed or water cooled. In some cases the internal wall of the lamps is coated with special substances which transform the ultra-violet rays into visible light thus increasing the efficiency of the lamp (fluorescent lamps). Some lamps operate on high voltages, others on low.

The principal lamps of this kind include:

(1) Gas discharge tubes containing gases such as neon, helium, argon, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, including flashing discharge lamps used for photography or stroboscopic examination.

(2) Sodium vapour lamps.

(3) Mercury vapour lamps.

(4) Gas filled dual lamps, in which the light is produced both by an incandescent filament and a gas discharge.

(5) Metal halide lamps.

(6) Xenon and alphanumeric tubes.

(7) Spectral discharge and glow discharge lamps.

These lamps are used for many purposes, e.g., domestic lighting; street lighting; office, factory, shop, etc., lighting; lighting of machines; and lighting for decorative or publicity purposes. The heading includes simple straight or curved tubes, and tubes in various complex forms (e.g., scrolls, letters, figures and stars).

(D) ULTRA-VIOLET AND INFRA-RED LAMPS

Ultra-violet lamps are used for medical, laboratory, germicidal or other purposes. They usually consist of a fused quartz tube containing mercury; they are sometimes enclosed in an outer envelope of glass. Some are known as black light lamps (e.g., those used for theatrical purposes).

Infra-red lamps are filament lamps specially designed to produce infra-red rays. In many cases the interior of the lamp is coppered or silvered to form a reflector. They are used, for example, for medical purposes or as a source of heat in industry.

(E) ARC-LAMPS

In lamps of this kind the light is emitted by an arc, or by an arc and by the incandescence of one or both of the electrodes between which the arc is maintained. These electrodes are generally of carbon or tungsten. Some lamps have an automatic device to bring the electrodes close together in order to strike the arc, and subsequently to maintain them at the correct distance apart in spite of the progressive using up of electrodes. Lamps designed for AC working have supplementary electrodes for starting purposes. In open arc-lamps the arc burns in free air; in others it is in a glass envelope with suitable baffles communicating with the free air.

It should be noted that arc-lamps are complex apparatus, and are not merely simple lighting elements as is the case of the other goods of this heading.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.

They include:

(1) Bases for incandescent and discharge electric lamps and bulbs.

(2) Metal electrodes for discharge lamps and tubes.


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The heading excludes:

(a) Glass envelopes, and glass parts having the essential character thereof (e.g., spotlight bulb reflectors) for lamps (heading 70.11).

(b) Resistance lamps with carbon filaments and variable lamps with iron filaments in hydrogen (heading 85.33).

(c) Automatic thermo-electric switches (starters) for starting fluorescent lamps (heading 85.36).

(d) Thermionic valves and tubes (heading 85.40).

(e) Luminescent diodes (heading 85.41).

(f) Electro-luminescent devices, generally in strips, plates or panels, and based on electro-luminescent substances (e.g., zinc sulphide) placed between two layers of conductive material (heading 85.43).

(g) Arc-lamp carbons and carbon filaments (heading 85.45).


85.40 Thermionic, cold cathode or photo-cathode valves and tubes (for example, vacuum or vapour or gas filled valves and tubes, mercury arc rectifying valves and tubes, cathode-ray tubes, television camera tubes).

This heading covers only those valves and tubes which, for different purposes, utilise the effect of electrons emitted from a cathode either in a vacuum or in gas.

There are three types: thermionic valves and tubes, in which the cathode must be heated before the electrons are emitted; cold cathode valves and tubes; and photo-cathode valves and tubes, in which the cathode is excited by the action of light. According to the number of their electrodes they are termed diodes, triodes, tetrodes, etc. The same envelope may contain two or more systems with different functions (compound valves). The envelopes are of glass, ceramic or metal or of combinations of these materials and may incorporate means of cooling (cooling fins, water circulation system, etc.).

There are many kinds of valves and tubes, some of which are designed for special purposes such as microwave tubes (e.g., magnetrons, travelling wave tubes, carcinotrons, klystrons), disc-sealed (lighthouse) tubes, stabilising valves, thyratrons, ignitrons, etc.

The heading includes:

(1) Rectifying tubes and valves. These are designed for rectifying AC into DC. They may be vacuum type, gas-filled or filled with vapour (e.g., mercury vapour), and in general have two electrodes. Certain types (e.g., thyratrons) have control grids so that their operation can be regulated and even reversed (thus converting DC into AC).

(2) Cathode-ray tubes.

Cathode-ray tubes are also used in radar, in oscilloscopes and in certain automatic data processing system terminals (display tubes).

(3) Photoemissive tubes, vacuum or gas-filled (also known as photoemissive cells). These consist of a glass or quartz tube containing two electrodes, of which the cathode is coated with a layer of photosensitive material (usually alkaline metal); under the action of the light, this layer emits electrons which establish conductibility between the electrodes and are collected on the anode.

Photomultipliers are photosensitive vacuum tubes comprising a photoemissive cathode and an electron multiplier.

(4) Other valves and tubes. These are usually vacuum type, and some have several electrodes. They are used for producing high frequency oscillations, as amplifiers, as detectors, as scan converters (without the use of a photocathode), etc.

PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here, for example, electrodes (cathodes, grids, anodes), envelopes (of materials other than glass) for tubes, anti-implosion casings for cathode-ray tubes, deflection coils for mounting around the necks of cathode-ray tubes for scanning purposes.

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The heading excludes:

(a) Glass face-plates and cones of envelopes for cathode-ray tubes (heading 70.11).

(b) Metal tank mercury arc rectifiers (heading 85.04).

(c) X-ray tubes (heading 90.22).

85.41 Diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices; photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light emitting diodes; mounted piezo-electric crystals.


(A) DIODES, TRANSISTORS AND SIMILAR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

These are defined in Note 8 (a) to this Chapter.

The operation of the devices of this group is based on the electronic properties of certain “semiconductor” materials.

The main characteristics of these materials is that at room temperature their resistivity lies in the range between that of conductors (metals) and that of insulators. They consist, for instance, of certain ores (e.g., crystal galena), tetravalent chemical elements (germanium, silicon, etc.) or combinations of chemical elements (e.g., trivalent and pentavalent elements, such as gallium arsenide, indium antimonide).

Semiconductor materials consisting of a tetravalent chemical element are generally monocrystalline. They are not used in their pure state but after very light doping (in a proportion expressed in parts per million) with a specific “impurity” (dopant).

For a tetravalent element, the “impurity” may be a pentavalent chemical element (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, etc.) or a trivalent element (boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, etc.). The former produce n-type semiconductors with excess electrons (negatively charged); the latter produce p-type semiconductors with electron deficiency, that is to say that holes (positively charged) predominate.

Semiconductor materials combining tri- and pentavalent chemical elements are also doped.

In the semiconductor materials consisting of ores, the impurities contained naturally in the ore act as dopants.

The semiconductor devices of this group generally comprise one or more “junctions”, between p-type and n-type semiconductor materials.

They include:

(I) Diodes which are two-terminal devices with a single p n junction; they allow current to pass in one direction (forward) but offer a very high resistance in the other (reverse). They are used for detection, rectification, switching, etc.

The main types of diodes are signal diodes, power rectifier diodes, voltage regulator diodes, voltage reference diodes.

(II) Transistors are three- or four-terminal devices capable of amplification, oscillation, frequency conversion, or switching of electrical currents. The operation of a transistor depends on the variation in resistivity between two of the terminals upon the application of an electric field to the third terminal. The applied control signal or field is weaker than the resulting action brought about by the change in resistance and thus amplification results.

Transistors include:

(III) Similar semiconductor devices. The “similar” devices referred to here are semiconductor devices whose operation depends on variations in resistivity on the application of an electric field.

They include:

However, this group does not include semiconductor devices which differ from those described above in that their operation depends primarily on temperature, pressure, etc., such as non-linear semiconductor resistors (thermistors, varistors, magneto-resistors, etc.) (heading 85.33).

For photosensitive devices the operation of which depends on light rays (photodiodes, etc.), see group (B).

The devices described above fall in this heading whether presented mounted, that is to say with their terminals or leads or packaged (components), unmounted (elements) or even in the form of undiced discs (wafers). However, natural semiconductor materials (e.g., galena) are classified in this heading only when mounted.

The heading also excludes chemical elements of Chapter 28 (for example, silicon and selenium) doped for use in electronics, in the form of discs, wafers, or similar forms, polished or not, whether or not coated with a uniform epitaxial layer, provided they have not been selectively doped or diffused to create discrete regions.

(B) PHOTOSENSITIVE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

This group comprises photosensitive semiconductor devices in which the action of visible rays, infra-red rays or ultra-violet rays causes variations in resistivity or generates an electromotive force, by the internal photoelectric effect.

Photoemissive tubes (photoemissive cells) the operation of which is based on the external photoelectric effect (photoemission), belong to heading 85.40.

The main types of photosensitive semiconductor devices are:

(1) Photoconductive cells (light dependent resistors), usually consisting of two electrodes between which is a semiconductor substance (cadmium sulphide, lead sulphide, etc.) whose electrical resistance varies with the intensity of illumination falling on the cell.

These cells are used in flame detectors, in exposure meters for automatic cameras, for counting moving objects, for automatic precision measuring devices, in automatic door opening systems, etc.

(2) Photovoltaic cells, which convert light directly into electrical energy without the need for an external source of current. Photovoltaic cells based on selenium are used mainly in luxmeters and exposure meters. Those based on silicon have a higher output and are used, in particular, in control and regulating equipment, for detecting light impulses, in communication systems using fibre optics, etc.

Special categories of photovoltaic cells are:

Photosensitive semiconductor devices fall in this heading whether presented mounted (i.e., with their terminals or leads), packaged or unmounted.

(C) LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
Light emitting diodes, or electroluminescent diodes, (based, inter alia, on gallium arsenide or gallium phosphide) are devices which convert electric energy into visible, infra-red or ultra-violet rays. They are used, e.g., for displaying or transmitting data in control systems.

Laser diodes emit a coherent light beam and are used, e.g., in detecting nuclear particles, in altimetering or in telemetering equipment, in communication systems using fibre optics.

(D) MOUNTED PIEZO-ELECTRIC CRYSTALS
These are mainly barium titanate (including polycrystalline polarised elements of barium titanate), lead titanate zirconate or other crystals of heading 38.24 (see the corresponding Explanatory Note), or quartz or tourmaline crystals. They are used in microphones, loudspeakers, ultrasonic apparatus, stabilised frequency oscillating circuits, etc. They are classified here only if mounted. They are generally in the form of plates, bars, discs, rings, etc., and must, at least, be equipped with electrodes or electric connections. They may be coated with graphite, varnish, etc., or arranged on supports and they are often inside an envelope (e.g., metal box, glass bulb). If, however, because of the addition of other components, the complete article (mounting plus crystal) can no longer be regarded as merely a mounted crystal but has become identifiable as a specific part of a machine or appliance, the assembly is classified as a part of the machine or appliance in question : e.g., piezo-electric cells for microphones or loudspeakers (heading 85.18), sound-heads (heading 85.22), pick-up elements (feelers) for ultrasonic thickness measuring or detecting instruments (generally classified in accordance with Note 2 (b) to Chapter 90 or in heading 90.33, as the case may be), quartz oscillators for electronic watches (heading 91.14).

This heading also excludes unmounted piezo-electric crystals (generally heading 38.24, 71.03 or 71.04).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are classified here.


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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 8541.21

The dissipation rate of a transistor is measured by applying the specified operating voltage to the device and measuring the continuous power handling capability using a case temperature limit of 25º C. For example, if a transistor is capable of handling a 0.2 ampere load continuously at a specified operating voltage of five volts while maintaining a case temperature of 25º C, its dissipation rate is 1 watt (Amperage x Voltage ═ Wattage).

For transistors with a means of heat dissipation (for example, a tab, a metal case), the reference temperature of 25º C is that of the bottom or of the case, whereas for other transistors (for example, with simple casing of plastics), the room temperature applies.

85.42 Electronic integrated circuits.

The articles of this heading are defined in Note 8 (b) to the Chapter.

Electronic integrated circuits are devices having a high passive and active element or component density, which are regarded as single units (see Explanatory Note to heading 85.34, first paragraph concerning elements or components to be regarded as “passive” or “active”). However, electronic circuits containing only passive elements are excluded from this heading.


Unlike electronic integrated circuits, discrete components may have a single active electrical function (semiconductor devices defined by Note 8 (a) to Chapter 85) or a single passive electrical function (resistors, capacitors, inductances, etc.). Discrete components are indivisible and are the basic electronic construction components in a system.


However, components consisting of several electric circuit elements and having multiple electrical functions, such as integrated circuits, are not considered as discrete components.


Electronic integrated circuits include memories (e.g., DRAMS, SRAMs, PROMS, EPROMS, EEPROMS (or E2PROMS)), microcontrollers, control circuits, logic circuits, gate arrays, interface circuits, etc.


Electronic integrated circuits include:


(I) Monolithic integrated circuits.


These are microcircuits in which the circuit elements (diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductances, etc.) are created in the mass (essentially) and on the surface of a semiconductor material (doped silicon, for example) and are therefore inseparably associated. Monolithic integrated circuits may be digital, linear (analogue) or digital-analogue.


Monolithic integrated circuits may be presented:



Monolithic integrated circuits include:

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), especially complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), and bipolar technologies are the “generic” technologies involved in the manufacture of transistors. As the basic components of monolithic integrated circuits, these transistors give the integrated circuit its identity. Bipolar circuits are preferred for systems where maximum logic speed is sought. On the other hand, MOS circuits are preferred for systems in which a high component density and low energy requirements are desirable. Further, CMOS circuits have the lowest energy requirements. Thus, they are preferred in applications where power supply is limited or where cooling problems are expected. The complementary relationship between bipolar and MOS technologies is even more apparent in the BICMOS technology, which combines the speed of bipolar circuits with the high integration and low power consumption of CMOS circuits.

(II) Hybrid integrated circuits.


These are microcircuits built up on an insulating substrate on which a thin or thick film circuit has been formed. This process allows certain passive elements (resistors, capacitors, inductances, etc.) to be produced at the same time. However, to become a hybrid integrated circuit of this heading, semiconductors must be incorporated and mounted on the surface, either in the form of chips, whether or not encased, or as encased semiconductors (e.g., in specially designed miniature casings). Hybrid integrated circuits may also contain separately produced passive elements which are incorporated into the basic film circuit in the same way as the semiconductors. Usually these passive elements are components such as capacitors, resistors or inductors in the form of chips.


Substrates made up of several layers, generally ceramic, heat-bonded together to form a compact assembly, are to be taken to form a single substrate within the meaning of
Note 8 (b) (ii) to this Chapter.


The components forming a hybrid integrated circuit must be combined to all intents and purposes indivisibly, i.e., though some of the elements could theoretically be removed and replaced, this would be a long and delicate task which would be uneconomic under normal manufacturing conditions.


(III) Multichip integrated circuits.


These consist of two or more interconnected monolithic integrated circuits combined to all intents and purposes indivisibly, whether or not on one or more insulating substrates, with or without leadframes, but with no other active or passive circuit elements.


Multichip integrated circuits generally come in the following configurations:


- Two or more monolithic integrated circuits mounted side by side;



- Two or more monolithic integrated circuits stacked one upon the other;

- Combinations of the configurations above consisting of three or more monolithic integrated circuits.


These monolithic integrated circuits are combined and interconnected into a single body and may be packaged through encapsulation or otherwise. They are combined to all intents and purposes indivisibly, i.e., though some of the elements could theoretically be removed and replaced, this would be a long and delicate task which would be uneconomic under normal manufacturing conditions.


Insulating substrates of the multichip integrated circuits may incorporate electrically conductive regions. These regions may be composed of specific materials or formed in specific shapes to provide passive functions by means other than discrete circuit elements. Where conductive regions are present in the substrate, they are typically relied upon as a means by which the monolithic integrated circuits are interconnected. These substrates may also be referred to as “interposers” or “spacers” when placed above the bottom-most chip or die.


Monolithic integrated circuits are interconnected by a variety of means, such as adhesives, wire bonds, or “flip chip” technology.


The heading excludes film circuits consisting solely of passive elements (heading 85.34).


This heading does not include solid-state non-volatile storage devices, “smart cards” and other media for the recording of sound or of other phenomena (see heading 85.23 and Note 4 to this chapter).

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Except for the combinations (to all intents and purposes indivisible) referred to in Parts (II) and (III) above concerning hybrid integrated circuits and multichip integrated circuits, the heading also excludes assemblies formed by:

(a) Mounting one or more discrete components on a support formed, for example, by a printed circuit;


(b) Adding one or more other devices, such as diodes, transformers, or resistors to an electronic microcircuit; or


(c) Combinations of discrete components or combinations of electronic microcircuits other than multichip-type integrated circuits.


Such assemblies are classified as follows:


(i) Assemblies which constitute a complete machine or appliance (or one classified as complete), in the heading appropriate to the machine or appliance;


(ii) Other assemblies, in accordance with the provisions for the classification of machine parts
(Notes 2 (b) and 2 (c) to Section XVI, in particular).



This is the case, in particular, for certain electronic memory modules (e.g., SIMMs (Single In-line Memory Modules) and DIMMs (Dual In-line Memory Modules)). Those modules are to be classified by application of Note 2 to Section XVI. (See the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter).

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PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are classified here.


85.43 Electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.


This heading covers all electrical appliances and apparatus, not falling in any other heading of this Chapter, nor covered more specifically by a heading of any other Chapter of the Nomenclature, nor excluded by the operation of a Legal Note to Section XVI or to this Chapter. The principal electrical goods covered more specifically by other Chapters are electrical machinery of Chapter 84 and certain instruments and apparatus of Chapter 90.



The electrical appliances and apparatus of this heading must have individual functions. The introductory provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 84.79 concerning machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions apply, mutatis mutandis, to the appliances and apparatus of this heading.

Most of the appliances of this heading consist of an assembly of electrical goods or parts (valves, transformers, capacitors, chokes, resistors, etc.) operating wholly electrically. However, the heading also includes electrical goods incorporating mechanical features provided that such features are subsidiary to the electrical function of the machine or appliance.

The heading includes, inter alia:

(1) Particle accelerators. These are devices for imparting high kinetic energy to charged particles (electrons, protons, etc.).

Particle accelerators are used mainly in nuclear research, but they also serve in the production of radioactive materials, in medical or industrial radiography, for the sterilisation of certain products, etc.

Particle accelerators usually consist of large installations (which may weigh several thousands of tons). They comprise a particle source, an acceleration chamber, and devices for producing high frequency voltage, variations of the flux or radio-frequencies which are used to accelerate the particles. They may contain one or more targets.

Acceleration, focalisation and deflection of the particles are achieved by electrostatic or electro-magnetic devices which are fed by high voltage or high frequency generators. Accelerator and generators are often enclosed in an anti-radiation screen.

The particle accelerators covered by this heading include, Van de Graaff accelerators, Cockcroft and Walton accelerators, linear accelerators, cyclotrons, betatrons, synchrocyclotrons, synchrotrons, etc.

Betatrons and other particle accelerators specially adapted for the production of X-rays, including those capable of producing either beta-rays or gamma-rays as required, fall in heading 90.22.

(2) Signal generators. These are apparatus for the production of electrical signals, of known wave-form and magnitude, at an assignable frequency (high or low frequency, for example). These include, inter alia: impulse generators, pattern generators, wobbulators (sweep generators).

(3) Mine detectors based on the change of magnetic flux produced in the apparatus when brought near to a metal object. Similar detectors are used, for example, for detecting foreign metallic bodies in casks of tobacco, food products, timber, etc., and for locating buried pipes.

(4) Mixing units, used in sound recording for combining the output from two or more microphones; they are sometimes combined with an amplifier. Audio mixers and equalisers are also included under this heading. But mixing units specialised for cinematography are excluded (heading 90.10).

(5) Noise reduction units for use with sound recording apparatus.

(6) Defrosters and demisters with electric resistors for aircraft, ships, trains or other vehicles (except cycles or motor vehicles - heading 85.12).

(7) Synchronisers for use when several generators are feeding into a common circuit.

(8) Electrical mine detonators, consisting of a hand generator (dynamo) and a capacitor.

(9) High or intermediate frequency amplifiers (including measurement amplifiers and aerial amplifiers).

(10) Machines and apparatus for electroplating, electrolysis or electrophoresis (other than machines and apparatusof heading 84.86 and electrophoresis instruments of heading 90.27).

(11) Ultra-violet irradiation equipment for general industrial uses.

(12) Ozone generating and diffusing apparatus, electric, designed for non-therapeutic purposes (e.g., for industrial uses, for the ozonisation of premises).

(13) Electronic musical modules for incorporation in a wide variety of utilitarian or other goods, e.g., wrist watches, cups and greeting cards. These modules usually consist of an electronic integrated circuit, a resistor, a loudspeaker and a mercury cell. They contain fixed musical programmes.

(14) Electric fence energisers.

(15) Cordless infrared devices for the remote control of television receivers, video recorders or other electrical equipment.

(16) Electro-luminescent devices, generally in strips, plates or panels , and based on electro-luminescent substances (e.g., zinc sulphide) placed between two layers of conductive material.

(17) Digital flight-data recorders (flight recorders) in the form of a fire-proof, crash-proof electronic apparatus for the continuous in-flight recording of specific flight data.

This heading excludes:

(a) Ion implanters for doping semiconductor or flat panel materials (heading 84.86).


(b) Apparatus for physical vapour deposition for the manufacture of semiconductor wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits, or flat panel displays (heading 84.86).


(c) “Smart cards” (including proximity cards or tags) as defined in Note 4 (b) to this Chapter (heading 85.23).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here.

85.44 Insulated (including enamelled or anodised) wire, cable (including co-axial cable) and other insulated electric conductors, whether or not fitted with connectors; optical fibre cables, made up of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not assembled with electric conductors or fitted with connectors.


Providedthey are insulated, this heading covers electric wire, cable and other conductors (e.g., braids, strip, bars) used as conductors in electrical machinery, apparatus or installations. Subject to this condition, the heading includes wiring for interior work or for exterior use (e.g., underground, submarine or aerial wires or cables). These goods vary from very fine insulated wire to thick cables of more complex types.

Non-metal conductors are also covered by this heading.

The goods of this heading are made up of the following elements:

(A) A conductor - this may be single strand or multiple, and may be wholly of one metal or of different metals.

(B) One or more coverings of insulating material - the aim of these coverings is to prevent leakage of electric current from the conductor, and to protect it against damage. The insulating materials mostly used are rubber, paper, plastics, asbestos, mica, micanite, glass fibre yarns, textile yarns (whether or not waxed or impregnated), varnish, enamel, pitch, oil, etc. In certain cases the insulation is obtained by anodising or by a similar process (e.g., the production of a surface coating of metallic oxides or salts).

(C) In certain cases a metal sheath (e.g., lead, brass, aluminium or steel); this serves as a protective covering for the insulation, as a channel for an insulation of gas or oil, or as a supplementary conductor in certain co-axial cables.

(D) Sometimes a metal armouring (e.g., spiral wound steel or iron wire or strip), used mainly for protecting underground or submarine cable.

The insulated wires, cables, etc., of this heading may be in the form of:

(i) Single or multiple strand insulated wire.

(ii) Two or more such insulated wires twisted together.

(iii) Two or more such insulated wires assembled together in a common insulating sheath.

The heading covers, inter alia:

(1) Lacquered or enamelled wire, usually very thin and mainly used for coil windings.

(2) Anodised, etc., wire.

(3) Telecommunications wires and cables (including submarine cables and data transmission wires and cables) are generally made up of a pair, a quad or a cable core, the whole usually covered with a sheath. A pair or a quad consists of two or four insulated wires, respectively (each wire is made up of a single copper conductor insulated with a coloured material of plastics having a thickness not exceeding 0.5 mm), twisted together. A cable core consists of a single pair or a quad or multiple stranded pairs or quads.

(4) Insulated aerial cables.

(5) Cables for permanent long-distance connections often with channels for filling with insulating gas or oil.

(6) Armoured underground cables with anti-corrosive sheathing.

(7) Cables for use in mine shafts; these have a longitudinal armouring to withstand the effects of tension.

In addition the heading covers plaited wire coated with lacquer or inserted in an insulating sheath.

It also includes insulated strip generally used in large electrical machinery or control equipment.

Wire, cable, etc., remain classified in this heading if cut to length or fitted with connectors (e.g., plugs, sockets, lugs, jacks, sleeves or terminals) at one or both ends. The heading also includes wire, etc., of the types described above made up in sets (e.g., multiple cables for connecting motor vehicle sparking plugs to the distributor).

The heading also covers optical fibre cables, made up of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not assembled with electric conductors or fitted with connectors. The sheaths are usually of different colours to permit identification of the fibres at both ends of the cable. Optical fibre cables are used mainly in telecommunications because their capacity for the transmission of data is greater than that of electrical conductors.

The heading excludes electric heating resistors sheathed in insulating material (e.g., special alloy wire wound spirally around a core of glass fibres or asbestos) of heading 85.16; connectors for optical fibres, optical fibre bundles or cables of heading 85.36.

85.45 Carbon electrodes, carbon brushes, lamp carbons, battery carbons and other articles of graphite or other carbon, with or without metal, of a kind used for electrical purposes.

This heading covers all articles of graphite or other carbon which are recognisable by their shape, dimensions or otherwise, as being for electrical purposes, whether or not they contain metal.

In general, these articles are obtained by the extrusion or by the moulding (usually under pressure) and heat-treatment of a composition which, in addition to its basic constituent (natural carbon, carbon black, gas carbon, coke, natural or artificial graphite, etc.) and the necessary binders (pitch, tar, etc.), may also contain other substances such as metallic powders.

In some cases the articles of this heading may be coated electrolytically or by spraying (e.g., with copper) to increase their conductivity and decrease their rate of wear. They remain classified here even if fitted with eyelets, terminals or other means of connection.

The heading includes:

(A) Carbon electrodes for furnaces.

These are generally in the form of cylinders or rods, and are sometimes threaded or tapped at the ends to enable them to be screwed into position.

(B) Carbon welding electrodes.

These are generally in the form of rods.

(C) Carbon electrodes for electrolysis.

These may be in the form of plates, bars (including bars of triangular cross-section), cylinders, etc. They are designed to be mounted or suspended in electrolysis baths, and may be furnished with fittings for this purpose such as hooks or rings. Certain types may be pierced with holes or grooved to facilitate the removal of gases formed on them during use.

(D) Carbon brushes.

These are used as sliding contacts for generators, motors, etc., as current-collectors for electric locomotives, etc. Though some may be made by direct moulding, the large majority are cut from the “carbon” blocks or plates described in Explanatory Note to heading 38.01. They are all made very accurately to size and the faces are carefully machined to tolerances of a few hundredths of a millimetre. They can therefore be indentified by their sizes, shapes, and highly-finished surfaces; in many cases, they may also be wholly or partly metal-coated or be fitted with connectors (brackets, cables, terminals, springs, etc.).

Such carbon brushes may be of any of the grades described in Explanatory Note to heading 38.01, or may contain silver.

This heading does not, however, include metal brushes coated with an external lubricating layer of graphite (heading 85.35 or 85.36). Brush holders (whether or not complete with their brushes) are classified as parts of machines (e.g., heading 85.03).

(E) Arc-lamp or other lamp carbons.

Arc-lamp carbons are usually in the form of rods or pencils; they sometimes have a core of special composition to improve arc stability and to provide high intensity light output, or to give the flame a special colour. The heading also covers carbon filaments for electrical resistance lamps.

(F) Battery carbons.

According to the type of battery for which they are intended, these may be in the form of rods, plates, tubes, etc.

(G) Carbon parts of microphones.

These may consist of discs or other identifiable parts.

(H) Other articles of graphite or other carbon, such as :

The heading also excludes:

(a) Graphite or other carbon in the form of powders or granules (Chapter 38).

(b) Carbon resistors (heading 85.33).

85.46 Electrical insulators of any material.


Insulators of this heading are used for the fixing, supporting or guiding of electric current conductors while at the same time insulating them electrically from each other, from earth, etc. The heading excludes insulating fittings (other than insulators) for electrical machinery, appliances or equipment; these fittings fall in heading 85.47 if they consist wholly of insulating material (apart from any minor components of metal incorporated during moulding solely for purposes of assembly).

Usually there is a relation between the size of the insulator and the voltage (large for high voltages, smaller for low voltages). Similarly, the shape of the various types of insulators is influenced by electric, thermic and mechanical considerations. The external surface is very smooth in order to prevent the formation of deposits of non-insulating materials, such as water, salts, dusts, oxides and smoke. Insulators are often given bell, accordion, petticoat, grooved, cylinder or other shapes. Certain types are constructed in such a way that when in position they may contain oil to prevent contamination of the surface by conducting materials.

Insulators may be made of any insulating material, usually very hard and non-porous, e.g., ceramic material (porcelain, steatite), glass, fused basalt, hardened rubber, plastics or compounded insulating materials. They may contain fixing devices (e.g., metal brackets, screws, bolts, clips, laces, slings, pins, cross pieces, caps, rods, suspension or carrying clamps). Insulators equipped with metal horns or guard shields or other devices to form lightning arresters are excluded (heading 85.35).

Insulators are used on outdoor cables, e.g., in telecommunications, power networks, electrical traction systems (railway, tramway, trolleybus, etc.), and also for indoor installations or on certain machines and appliances.

The insulators of this heading include:

(A) Suspension insulators, such as:

(B) Rigid insulators.

These may be fitted with supports (e.g., metal hooks, pins or the like); or they may be without supports, but intended to be attached to power or telegraph poles, etc., or fitted to walls, ceilings, floors, etc., by means of nails, screws, bolts, etc. Insulators with fixed supports may be built up of two or more elements; those without supports are usually single units. They may be of various shapes (e.g., bells, cones, cylinders, buttons, pulleys).

(C) Leading-in insulators.

These are used for guiding cables or wires through walls, etc. They are of various forms (e.g., cone or double cone shaped insulators, disc insulators, sleeves, pipes and tubular bends).

The heading excludes insulated electrical conduit tubing and joints therefor (heading 85.47).

85.47 Insulating fittings for electrical machines, appliances or equipment, being fittings wholly of insulating material apart from any minor components of metal (for example, threaded sockets) incorporated during moulding solely for purposes of assembly, other than insulators of heading 85.46; electrical conduit tubing and joints therefor, of base metal lined with insulating material.
(A) INSULATING FITTINGS FOR ELECTRICAL MACHINES,
APPLIANCES OR EQUIPMENT, BEING FITTINGS WHOLLY
OF INSULATING MATERIAL APART FROM ANY MINOR
COMPONENTS OF METAL (FOR EXAMPLE, THREADED SOCKETS)
INCORPORATED DURING MOULDING SOLELY FOR PURPOSES OF
ASSEMBLY, OTHER THAN INSULATORS OF HEADING 85.46
With the exception of insulators as such (heading 85.46), this group covers all fittings for electrical machinery, appliances or apparatus, provided:

and (ii) They are designed for insulating purposes even though at the same time they have other functions (e.g., protection).

In general the fittings of this group are obtained by moulding or casting, or by sawing, cutting or otherwise working the raw material. They may be drilled, threaded, filed, grooved, etc.

They may be made of any insulating material (e.g., glass, ceramics, steatite, hardened rubber, plastics, resin impregnated paper or paperboard, asbestos-cement or mica).

These fittings may be in various forms. This group includes, inter alia, covers, bases and other parts of switches, circuit breakers, etc.; bases and supports for fuses; rings and other parts for lamp-holders; formers for resistors or coils; connection strips and dominoes not fitted with their terminals; cores for bobbins and windings of various kinds; sparking plug bodies.

The heading does not cover fittings which, even though made wholly of insulating material (or made wholly of insulating material apart from any minor components of metal incorporated during moulding solely for the purposes of assembly), have not been specially constructed for insulating purposes, such as containers, covers and separator plates for accumulators (heading 85.07).
(B) ELECTRICAL CONDUIT TUBING AND JOINTS THEREFOR,
OF BASE METAL LINED WITH INSULATING MATERIAL
This group covers the metal tubing used in permanent electrical installations (e.g., house wiring) as insulation and protection for the wires, provided it has an interior lining of insulating material. Uninsulated metal tubing, often used for the same purpose, is excluded (Section XV).

The tubing of this group consists either of spiralled metal strip wound on to an interior tube of insulating material, or of rigid metal tubing (usually iron or steel) coated or lined on the inside with insulating material. The insulating material may be special electrically insulating varnish, paper or paperboard, rubber, plastics, etc. Metal tubing simply coated with varnish to prevent corrosion is excluded (Section XV).

This group also covers joints used for connecting the tubing of this heading provided they are also of base metal and coated or lined with insulating material (e.g., straight joints, elbows, tee joints and cross-overs).

Joints such as tee joints, cross-overs, etc., fitted with terminals for electrical connections are excluded (heading 85.35 or 85.36).

The heading also excludes tubing wholly of insulating material (e.g., of rubber, plastics, braided textile yarns or glass fibre yarns); this is classified according to the constituent material, unless constituting an insulator of heading 85.46.

85.48 Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators; spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators; electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.
(A) WASTE AND SCRAP OF PRIMARY CELLS, PRIMARY BATTERIES AND
ELECTRIC ACCUMULATORS; SPENT PRIMARY CELLS, SPENT PRIMARY
BATTERIES AND SPENT ELECTRIC ACCUMULATORS

This heading covers waste and scrap of primary cells, of primary batteries and of electric accumulators, as well as spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators, as defined in Note 9 to this Chapter.

These products are generally identifiable as waste obtained during manufacture, or consist of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators which are definitively unusable as such because of breakage, cutting-up, wear or other reasons, or are not capable of being recharged, and scrap thereof.

These products take the form of consignments and generally come from the manufacturers of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators; from scrap merchants who buy waste and scrap from manufacturers; and from merchants who collect and dismantle electric accumulators or collect primary cells and primary batteries.

Consignments from battery manufacturers may consist of positive plates with a few negative plates; negative plates with a few positive plates; a mixture of positive and negative plates in equal proportion; half-assembled elements (e.g., reels made up of a negative plate and a positive plate separated by a fabric “separator” and coiled). The reels may also be already assembled inside the container. They may also be mixed with defective finished batteries unusable as such.

Consignments from the dismantling or reclamation of old batteries contain a mixture of positive and negative plates, with or without separator, as packs, plates or reels.

Spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators are generally intended for processing to recover metals (lead, nickel, cadmium, etc.) metal compounds or slag.

Spent electric accumulators generally have the electrolyte removed and bear signs of wear.

(B) ELECTRICAL PARTS OF MACHINERY OR APPARATUS NOT SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED ELSEWHERE IN THIS CHAPTER

This heading also includes all electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, other than:

(a) Those suitable for use solely or principally with a particular machine or appliance.

(b) Parts covered by an earlier heading of this Chapter or which are excluded by Note 1 to Section XVI.

This heading therefore covers articles which are identifiable as electrical parts of machinery or apparatus but not as parts of a particular machine or apparatus, and which incorporate electrical connections, insulated sections, coils, contacts or other specifically electrical elements.


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ULTIMO CAMBIO D.O.F.