Sección: XVI MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF SUCH ARTICLES
Capítulo: 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof

Notes.

1. This Section does not cover:

(a) Transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of plastics of Chapter 39, or of vulcanised rubber (heading 40.10), or other articles of a kind used in machinery or mechanical or electrical appliances or for other technical uses, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber (heading 40.16);

(b) Articles of leather or of composition leather (heading 42.05) or of furskin (heading 43.03), of a kind used in machinery or mechanical appliances or for other technical uses;

(c) Bobbins, spools, cops, cones, cores, reels or similar supports, of any material (for example, Chapter 39, 40, 44 or 48 or Section XV);

(d) Perforated cards for Jacquard or similar machines (for example, Chapter 39 or 48 or Section XV);

(e) Transmission or conveyor belts or belting of textile material (heading 59.10) or other articles of textile material for technical uses (heading 59.11);

(f) Precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) of headings 71.02 to 71.04, or articles wholly of such stones of heading 71.16, except unmounted worked sapphires and diamonds for styli (heading 85.22);

(g) Parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV), or similar goods of plastics (Chapter 39);

(h) Drill pipe (heading 73.04);

(ij) Endless belts of metal wire or strip (Section XV);

(k) Articles of Chapter 82 or 83;

(l) Articles of Section XVII;

(m) Articles of Chapter 90;

(n) Clocks, watches or other articles of Chapter 91;

(o) Interchangeable tools of heading 82.07 or brushes of a kind used as parts of machines (heading 96.03); similar interchangeable tools are to be classified according to the constituent material of their working part (for example, in Chapter 40, 42, 43, 45 or 59 or heading 68.04 or 69.09);

(p) Articles of Chapter 95 or

(q) Typewriter or similar ribbons, whether or not on spools or in cartridges (classified according to their constituent material, or in heading 96.12 if inked or otherwise prepared for giving impressions).

2. Subject to Note 1 to this Section, Note 1 to Chapter 84 and Note 1 to Chapter 85, parts of machines (not being parts of the articles of heading 84.84, 85.44, 85.45, 85.46 or 85.47) are to be classified according to the following rules :

(a) Parts which are goods included in any of the headings of Chapter 84 or 85 (other than headings 84.09, 84.31, 84.48, 84.66, 84.73, 84.87, 85.03, 85.22, 85.29, 85.38 and 85.48) are in all cases to be classified in their respective headings;

(b) Other parts, if suitable for use solely or principally with a particular kind of machine, or with a number of machines of the same heading (including a machine of heading 84.79 or 85.43) are to be classified with the machines of that kind or in heading 84.09, 84.31, 84.48, 84.66, 84.73, 85.03, 85.22, 85.29 or 85.38 as appropriate. However, parts which are equally suitable for use principally with the goods of headings 85.17 and 85.25 to 85.28 are to be classified in heading 85.17.

(c) All other parts are to be classified in heading 84.09, 84.31, 84.48, 84.66, 84.73, 85.03, 85.22, 85.29 or 85.38 as appropriate or, failing that, in heading 84.87 or 85.48. 3.- Unless the context otherwise requires, composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed for the purpose of performing two or more complementary or alternative functions are to be classified as if consisting only of that component or as being that machine which performs the principal function.

4.- Where a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of individual components (whether separate or interconnected by piping, by transmission devices, by electric cables or by other devices) intended to contribute together to a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings in Chapter 84 or Chapter 85, then the whole falls to be classified in the heading appropriate to that function.

5.- For the purposes of these Notes, the expression “ machine ” means any machine, machinery, plant, equipment, apparatus or appliance cited in the headings of Chapter 84 or 85.

GENERAL

(I) GENERAL CONTENT OF THE SECTION

(A) Subject to certain exclusions provided for in the Notes to this Section and to Chapters 84 and 85 and apart from goods covered more specifically in other Sections, this Section covers all mechanical or electrical machinery, plant, equipment, apparatus and appliances and parts thereof, together with certain apparatus and plant which is neither mechanical nor electrical (such as boilers and boiler house plant, filtering apparatus, etc.) and parts of such apparatus and plant.

(B) In general, the goods of this Section may be of any material. In the great majority of cases they are of base metal, but the Section also covers certain machinery of other materials (e.g., pumps wholly of plastics) and parts of plastics, of wood, precious metals, etc.

(II) PARTS

(Section Note 2)
In general, parts which are suitable for use solely or principally with particular machines or apparatus (including those of heading 84.79 or heading 85.43), or with a group of machines or apparatus falling in the same heading, are classified in the same heading as those machines or apparatus subject, of course, to the exclusions mentioned in Part (I) above. Separate headings are, however, provided for :

(A) Parts of the engines of heading 84.07 or 84.08 (heading 84.09).

(B) Parts of the machinery of headings 84.25 to 84.30 (heading 84.31).

(C) Parts of the textile machines of headings 84.44 to 84.47 (heading 84.48).

(D) Parts of the machines of headings 84.56 to 84.65 (heading 84.66).

(E) Parts of the office machines of headings 84.69 to 84.72 (heading 84.73).

(F) Parts of the machines of heading 85.01 or 85.02 (heading 85.03).

(G) Parts of apparatus of headings 85.19 or 85.21 (heading 85.22).

(H) Parts of apparatus of headings 85.25 to 85.28 (heading 85.29).

(IJ) Parts of apparatus of heading 85.35, 85.36 or 85.37 (heading 85.38).

The above rules do not apply to parts which in themselves constitute an article covered by a heading of this Section (other than headings 84.87 and 85.48); these are in all cases classified in their own appropriate heading even if specially designed to work as part of a specific machine. This applies in particular to:

(1) Pumps and compressors (headings 84.13 and 84.14).

(2) Filtering machinery and apparatus of heading 84.21.

(3) Lifting and handling machinery (heading 84.25, 84.26, 84.28 or 84.86).

(4) Taps, cocks, valves, etc. (heading 84.81).

(5) Ball or roller bearings, and polished steel balls of a tolerance not exceeding 1 % or 0.05 mm, whichever is less (heading 84.82).

(6) Transmission shafts, cranks, bearing housings, plain shaft bearings, gears and gearing (including friction gears and gear-boxes and other speed changers), flywheels, pulleys and pulley blocks, clutches and shaft couplings (heading 84.83).

(7) Gaskets and similar joints of heading 84.84.

(8) Electric motors of heading 85.01.

(9) Electrical transformers and other machines and apparatus of heading 85.04.

(10) Electric accumulators assembled into battery packs (heading 85.07).

(11) Electric heating resistors (heading 85.16).

(12) Electrical capacitors (heading 85.32).

(13) Electrical apparatus for switching, protecting, etc., electrical circuits (switches, fuses, junction boxes, etc.) (headings 85.35 and 85.36).

(14) Boards, panels, consoles, desks, cabinets and other apparatus for electric control or the distribution of electricity (heading 85.37).

(15) Lamps of heading 85.39.

(16) Valves and tubes of heading 85.40 and diodes, transistors, etc., of heading 85.41.

(17) Electrical carbons (e.g., arc lamp carbons, carbon electrodes and carbon brushes) (heading 85.45).

(18) Insulators of any material (heading 85.46).

(19) Insulating fittings for electrical machines, etc., of heading 85.47.

Other parts which are recognisable as such, but are not suitable for use solely or principally with a particular machine or class of machine (i.e., which may be common to a number of machines falling in different headings), are classified in heading 84.87 (if not electrical) or in heading 85.48 (if electrical), unless they are excluded by the provisions set out above.

The above provisions for the classification of parts do not apply to parts of the goods falling in heading 84.84 (gaskets, etc.), 85.44 (insulated wire), 85.45 (electrical carbons), 85.46 (insulators) or 85.47 (conduit tubing); in general, such parts are classified in the appropriate materials Chapter.

Machinery parts remain classified in this Section whether or not finished ready for use. However, rough forgings of iron or steel are classified in heading 72.07.

(III) ACCESSORY APPARATUS

(See General Interpretative Rules 2 (a) and 3 (b) and Section Notes 3 and 4)

Accessory instruments and apparatus (e.g., manometers, thermometers, level gauges or other measuring or checking instruments, output counters, clockwork switches, control panels, automatic regulators) presented with the machine or apparatus with which they normally belong are classified with that machine or apparatus, if they are designed to measure, check, control or regulate one specific machine or apparatus (which may be a combination of machines (see Part VI below) or a functional unit (see Part VII below)). However, accessory instruments and apparatus designed to measure, check, control or regulate several machines (whether or not of the same type) fall in their own appropriate heading.

(IV) INCOMPLETE MACHINES

(See General Interpretative Rule 2 (a))

Throughout the Section any reference to a machine or apparatus covers not only the complete machine, but also an incomplete machine (i.e., an assembly of parts so far advanced that it already has the main essential features of the complete machine). Thus a machine lacking only a flywheel, a bed plate, calender rolls, tool holders, etc., is classified in the same heading as the machine, and not in any separate heading provided for parts. Similarly a machine or apparatus normally incorporating an electric motor (e.g., electro-mechanical hand tools of heading 84.67) is classified in the same heading as the corresponding complete machine even if presented without that motor
(V) UNASSEMBLED MACHINES

(See General Interpretative Rule 2 (a))
For convenience of transport many machines and apparatus are transported in an unassembled state. Although in effect the goods are then a collection of parts, they are classified as being the machine in question and not in any separate heading for parts. The same applies to an incomplete machine having the features of the complete machine (see Part (IV) above), presented unassembled (see also in this connection the General Explanatory Notes to Chapters 84 and 85). However, unassembled components in excess of the number required for a complete machine or for an incomplete machine having the characteristics of a complete machine, are classified in their own appropriate heading.

(VI) MULTI-FUNCTION MACHINES
AND COMPOSITE MACHINES

(Section Note 3)

In general, multi-function machines are classified according to the principal function of the machine.

Multi-function machines are, for example, machine-tools for working metal using interchangeable tools, which enable them to carry out different machining operations (e.g., milling, boring, lapping).

Where it is not possible to determine the principal function, and where, as provided in Note 3 to the Section, the context does not otherwise require, it is necessary to apply General Interpretative Rule 3 (c); such is the case, for example, in respect of multi-function machines potentially classifiable in several of the headings 84.25 to 84.30, in several of the headings 84.58 to 84.63 or in several of the headings 84.69 to 84.72.

Composite machines consisting of two or more machines or appliances of different kinds, fitted together to form a whole, consecutively or simultaneously performing separate functions which are generally complementary and are described in different headings of Section XVI, are also classified according to the principal function of the composite machine.

The following are examples of such composite machines: printing machines with a subsidiary machine for holding the paper (heading 84.43); a cardboard box making machine combined with an auxiliary machine for printing a name or simple design (heading 84.41); industrial furnaces combined with lifting or handling machinery (heading 84.17 or 85.14); cigarette making machinery combined with subsidiary packaging machinery (heading 84.78).

For the purposes of the above provisions, machines of different kinds are taken to be fitted together to form a whole when incorporated one in the other or mounted one on the other, or mounted on a common base or frame or in a common housing.

Assemblies of machines should not be taken to be fitted together to form a whole unless the machines are designed to be permanently attached either to each other or to a common base, frame, housing, etc. This excludes assemblies which are of a temporary nature or are not normally built as a composite machine.

The bases, frames or housings may be provided with wheels so that the composite machine can be moved about as required during use, provided it does not thereby acquire the character of an article (e.g., a vehicle) more specifically covered by a particular heading of the Nomenclature.

Floors, concrete bases, walls, partitions, ceilings, etc., even if specially fitted out to accommodate machines or appliances, should not be regarded as a common base joining such machines or appliances to form a whole.

Note 3 to Section XVI need not be invoked when the composite machine is covered as such by a particular heading, for example, some types of air conditioning machines (heading 84.15).

It should be noted that multi-purpose machines (e.g., machine-tools capable of working metals and other materials or eyeletting machines used equally well in the paper, textile, leather, plastics, etc., industries) are to be classified according to the provisions of Note 7 to Chapter 84.

(VII) FUNCTIONAL UNITS

(Section Note 4)

This Note applies when a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of separate components which are intended to contribute together to a clearly defined function covered by one of the headings in Chapter 84 or, more frequently, Chapter 85. The whole then falls to be classified in the heading appropriate to that function, whether the various components (for convenience or other reasons) remain separate or are interconnected by piping (carrying air, compressed gas, oil, etc.), by devices used to transmit power, by electric cables or by other devices.

For the purposes of this Note, the expression “intended to contribute together to a clearly defined function” covers only machines and combinations of machines essential to the performance of the function specific to the functional unit as a whole, and thus excludes machines or appliances fulfilling auxiliary functions and which do not contribute to the function of the whole.

The following are examples of functional units of this type within the meaning of Note 4 to this Section:

(1) Hydraulic systems consisting of a hydraulic power unit (comprising essentially a hydraulic pump, an electric motor, control valves and an oil tank), hydraulic cylinders and the pipes or hoses needed to connect the cylinders to the hydraulic power unit (heading 84.12).

(2) Refrigerating equipment consisting of components which are not fitted together to form a whole and are interconnected by means of piping through which the coolant circulates (heading 84.18).

(3) Irrigation systems consisting of a control station comprising filters, injectors, metering valves, etc., underground distribution and branchlines, and a surface network (heading 84.24).

(4) Milking machines with separate component parts (vacuum pump, pulsator, teat-cups and pails) interconnected by hoses or piping (heading 84.34).

(5) Brewhouse machinery comprising, inter alia, sprouting or germination machines, malt crushing machines, mashing vats, straining vats (heading 84.38). Auxiliary appliances (e.g., bottling machines, label-printing machines), are however not included and should be classified in their own appropriate heading.

(6) Letter sorting systems consisting essentially of coding desks, pre-sorting channel systems, intermediate sorters and final sorters, the whole being controlled by an automatic data processing machine (heading 84.72).

(7) Asphalt plant consisting of separate components, such as feed hoppers, conveyors, dryers, vibrating screens, mixers, storage bins and control units, placed side by side (heading 84.74).

(8) Machinery for assembling electric filament lamps, of which the component parts are interconnected by conveyors, and which include equipment for the heat-treatment of glass, pumps and lamp-testing units (heading 84.75).

(9) Welding equipment consisting of the welding head or tongs, with a transformer, generator or rectifier to supply the current (heading 85.15).
(10) Portable radiotelephone transmitters and their associated hand microphone (heading 85.17).

(11) Radar apparatus with the associated power packs, amplifiers, etc. (heading 85.26).

(12) Satellite television reception systems consisting of a receiver, a parabolic aerial reflector dish, a control rotator for the reflector dish, a feed horn (wave guide), a polarizer, a low-noise-block (LNB) down converter and an infra-red remote control (heading 85.28).

(13) Burglar alarms, comprising, e.g., an infra-red lamp, a photoelectric cell and a bell (heading 85.31).
It should be noted that component parts not complying with the terms of Note 4 to Section XVI fall in their own appropriate headings. This applies, for example, to closed circuit video-surveillance systems, consisting of a combination of a variable number of television cameras and video monitors connected by coaxial cables to a controller, switchers, audio board/receivers and possibly automatic data processing machines (for saving data) and/or video recorders (for recording pictures).

(VIII) MOBILE MACHINERY

As regards self-propelled or other mobile machines, reference should be made to the Explanatory Notes to the headings for the machines (e.g., lifting and handling machinery, headings 84.25 to 84.28, and excavating machinery, headings 84.29 and 84.30), and to the Explanatory Notes to the Chapters and headings of Section XVII.
(IX) MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR USE IN LABORATORIES

Machinery and apparatus of a kind covered by this Section remain classified in the Section even if specialised for use in laboratories or in connection with scientific and measuring instruments, provided they do not constitute non-industrial demonstrational apparatus of heading 90.23 nor measuring, checking, etc., instruments of Chapter 90. For example, small furnaces, distillation apparatus, grinders, mixers, electrical transformers and capacitors, for use in laboratories, remain classified in this Section.



Chapter 84


Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
and mechanical appliances; parts thereof
Notes.

1.- This Chapter does not cover :
2.- Subject to the operation of Note 3 to Section XVI and subject to Note 9 to this Chapter, a machine or appliance which answers to a description in one or more of the headings 84.01 to 84.24, or heading 84.86 and at the same time to a description in one or other of the headings 84.25 to 84.80 is to be classified under the appropriate heading of the former group or under heading 84.86, as the case may be, and not the latter group.

Heading 84.19 does not, however, cover:

Heading 84.22 does not cover:
Heading 84.24 does not cover:

3.- A machine-tool for working any material which answers to a description in heading 84.56 and at the same time to a description in heading 84.57, 84.58, 84.59, 84.60, 84.61, 84.64 or 84.65 is to be classified in heading 84.56.

4.- Heading 84.57 applies only to machine-tools for working metal, other than lathes (including turning centres), which can carry out different types of machining operations either:

5.- (A) For the purposes of heading 84.71, the expression “automatic data processing machines” means machines capable of:

(B) Automatic data processing machines may be in the form of systems consisting of a variable number of separate units. (C) Subject to paragraphs (D) and (E) below, a unit is to be regarded as being part of an automatic data processing system if it meets all of the following conditions: (D) Heading 84.71 does not cover the following when presented separately, even if they meet all of the conditions set forth in Note 5 (C) above:

(E) Machines incorporating or working in conjunction with an automatic data processing machine and performing a specific function other than data processing are to be classified in the headings appropriate to their respective functions or, failing that, in residual headings.

6.- Heading 84.82 applies, inter alia, to polished steel balls, the maximum and minimum diameters of which do not differ from the nominal diameter by more than 1 % or by more than 0.05 mm, whichever is less.

Other steel balls are to be classified in heading 73.26.

7.- A machine which is used for more than one purpose is, for the purposes of classification, to be treated as if its principal purpose were its sole purpose.

Subject to Note 2 to this Chapter and Note 3 to Section XVI, a machine the principal purpose of which is not described in any heading or for which no one purpose is the principal purpose is, unless the context otherwise requires, to be classified in heading 84.79. Heading 84.79 also covers machines for making rope or cable (for example, stranding, twisting or cabling machines) from metal wire, textile yarn or any other material or from a combination of such materials.

8.- For the purposes of heading 84.70, the term “pocket-size” applies only to machines the dimensions of which do not exceed 170 mm x 100 mm x 45 mm.

9.- (A) Notes 8 (a) and 8 (b) to Chapter 85 also apply with respect to the expressions “semiconductor devices” and “electronic integrated circuits”, respectively, as used in this Note and in heading 84.86. However, for the purposes of this Note and of heading 84.86, the expression “semiconductor devices” also covers photosensitive semiconductor devices and light emitting diodes. (B) For the purposes of this Note and of heading 84.86, the expression “manufacture of flat panel displays” covers the fabrication of substrates into a flat panel. It does not cover the manufacture of glass or the assembly of printed circuit boards or other electronic components onto the flat panel. The expression “flat panel display” does not cover cathode-ray tube technology. (C) Heading 84.86 also includes machines and apparatus solely or principally of a kind used for:

(D) Subject to Note 1 to Section XVI and Note 1 to Chapter 84, machines and apparatus answering to the description in heading 84.86 are to be classified in that heading and in no other heading of the Nomenclature.
°
° °

Subheading Notes.

1.- For the purposes of subheading 8471.49, the term “systems” means automatic data processing machines whose units satisfy the conditions laid down in Note 5 (C) to Chapter 84 and which comprise at least a central processing unit, one input unit (for example, a keyboard or a scanner), and one output unit (for example, a visual display unit or a printer).

2.- Subheading 8482.40 applies only to bearings with cylindrical rollers of a uniform diameter not exceeding 5 mm and having a length which is at least three times the diameter. The ends of the rollers may be rounded.

GENERAL

(A) GENERAL CONTENT OF THE CHAPTER

Subject to the provisions of the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI, this Chapter covers all machinery and mechanical appliances, and parts thereof, not more specifically covered by Chapter 85, and not being :

(a) Articles of textile material, for technical uses (heading 59.11).

(b) Articles of stone, etc., of Chapter 68.

(c) Ceramic articles of Chapter 69.

(d) Laboratory glassware of heading 70.17; machinery and appliances and parts thereof, of glass (heading 70.19 or 70.20).

(e) Stoves, central heating radiators and other goods of heading 73.21 or 73.22, and similar articles of other base metals.

(f) Electro-mechanical domestic appliances of heading 85.09; digital cameras of heading 85.25.

(g) Hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers, not motorised (heading 96.03).

In general, Chapter 84 covers machinery and mechanical apparatus and Chapter 85 electrical goods. However, certain machines are specified in headings of Chapter 85 (e.g., electro-mechanical domestic appliances) while Chapter 84 on the other hand covers certain non-mechanical apparatus (e.g., steam generating boilers and their auxiliary apparatus, and filtering apparatus).

It should also be noted that machinery and apparatus of a kind covered by Chapter 84 remain in this Chapter even if electric, for example:

(1) Machinery powered by electric motor.

(2) Electrically heated machinery, for example, electric central heating boilers of heading 84.03, machinery of heading 84.19 and other machinery (e.g., calenders, textile washing or bleaching machines or presses) incorporating electrical heating elements.

(3) Machines operated electro-magnetically (e.g., electro-magnetic valves) or incorporating electro-magnetic devices (e.g., textile looms with electrical automatic stop motions, cranes with electro-magnetic lifting heads and lathes with electro-magnetic chucks).

(4) Machines operated electronically (e.g., electronic calculating or automatic data processing machines) or incorporating photoelectric or electronic devices (e.g., rolling mills with photo-electric apparatus and machine-tools incorporating a variety of electronic control devices).

Since machinery or appliances (for example, pumps) of ceramic material and ceramic parts of machinery or appliances of any material (Chapter 69), laboratory glassware (heading 70.17) and machinery and appliances and parts thereof, of glass (heading 70.19 or 70.20) are excluded from this Chapter, it follows that even if a machine or mechanical appliance is covered, because of its description or nature, by a heading of this Chapter it is not to be classified therein if it has the character of an article of ceramic materials or of glass.

This applies, for example, to articles of ceramic material or of glass, incorporating components of minor importance of other materials, such as stoppers, joints, taps, etc., clamping or tightening bands or collars or other fixing or supporting devices (stands, tripods, etc.).

On the other hand, the following are, as a rule, to be taken to have lost the character of ceramic articles, laboratory glassware, or machinery or appliances and parts thereof, of ceramic material or of glass:

(i) Combinations of ceramic or glass components with a high proportion of components of other materials (e.g., of metal); also articles consisting of a high proportion of ceramic or glass components incorporated or permanently mounted in frames, cases or the like, of other materials.

(ii) Combinations of static components of ceramic material or glass with mechanical components such as motors, pumps, etc., of other materials (e.g., of metal).

(B) GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE CHAPTER

(1) Heading 84.01 covers nuclear reactors, fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated, for nuclear reactors and machinery and apparatus for isotopic separation.

(2) Headings 84.02 to 84.24 cover the other machines and apparatus which are classified mainly by reference to their function, and regardless of the field of industry in which they are used.

(3) Headings 84.25 to 84.78 cover machines and apparatus which, with certain exceptions, are classified there by reference to the field of industry in which they are used, regardless of their particular function in that field.

(4) Heading 84.79 covers machines and mechanical appliances not covered by any preceding heading of the Chapter.

(5) Heading 84.80 covers, in addition to moulding boxes for metal foundry and moulding patterns, moulds (other than ingot moulds) used, by hand or in machines, for moulding certain materials.

(6) Headings 84.81 to 84.84 cover certain general-purpose goods suitable for use as machinery parts or as parts of goods of other Chapters.

(7) Heading 84.86 covers machines and apparatus of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture of semiconductor boules or wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits or flat panel displays, and machines and apparatus specified in Note 9 (C) to this Chapter.

(8) Heading 84.87 covers non-electrical parts not classified elsewhere.


(C) PARTS

As regards parts in general, see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI.

Separately presented electrical parts generally fall in one or other of the headings of Chapter 85, for example : electric motors (heading 85.01); electrical transformers (heading 85.04); electro-magnets, permanent magnets, electro-magnetic lifting heads for cranes and electro-magnetic chucks (heading 85.05); electrical starting equipment for internal combustion piston engines (heading 85.11); electrical switches, control panels, plugs, junction boxes, etc. (headings 85.35 to 85.37); electronic valves (heading 85.40); diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices (heading 85.41); electronic integrated circuits (heading 85.42); electrical carbons (heading 85.45); insulators (heading 85.46); and certain fittings of insulating material (heading 85.47). Unless incorporated with other parts of the machine, such goods are classified in those headings, even if designed for use solely or principally with a particular machine of this Chapter.

Other electrical parts are classified:

(1) In heading 84.09, 84.31, 84.48, 84.66 or 84.73, if they comply with the description in those headings.

(2) If not, in this Chapter in the same heading as the machine for which they are intended, provided they are designed for use solely or principally with that machine; when not so designed, they fall in heading 85.48.

(D) GOODS COVERED BY TWO OR MORE HEADINGS
OF THE CHAPTER

(Chapter Notes 2, 7 and 9 (D))

Subject to Note 1 to Section XVI and Note 1 to Chapter 84, machines and apparatus answering to the description in heading 84.86 are to be classified in that heading and in no other heading of the Nomenclature.

Headings 84.01 to 84.24 cover machinery and apparatus (described generally by reference to their function), which can be used in various branches of industry. In the other headings the machinery or apparatus is described, in most cases, by reference to the industry or other field of activity in which they are used. Under Chapter Note 2, machinery or apparatus falling in two or more headings one of which is within the first group (i.e., headings 84.01 to 84.24) is classified in that heading of the first group. Thus motors are always classified in headings 84.06 to 84.08 and 84.10 to 84.12 without regard to their use. The same principle of classification applies for pumps, even if specialised for a particular purpose (e.g., textile spinning pumps or agricultural pumps), centrifuges, calenders, filter presses, furnaces, steam generators, etc.

Certain exceptions (specified in Chapter Note 2) have been made to this general principle as regards headings 84.19, 84.22 and 84.24. Thus the following, although potentially covered by heading 84.19, are in fact classified in later headings of the Chapter:

(1) Agricultural germination plant, and poultry incubators and brooders (heading 84.36).

(2) Grain dampening machines (heading 84.37).

(3) Diffusing apparatus for sugar juice extraction (heading 84.38).

(4) Machinery for the heat-treatment of textile yarns, fabrics or made up textile articles (heading 84.51).

(5) Machinery or plant, in which the change of temperature, although necessary, is subsidiary to the main mechanical function.

Similarly the following, although potentially covered by heading 84.22, are in fact classified in later headings of the Chapter:

(1) Sewing machines (e.g., for the closing of sacks) (heading 84.52).

(2) Machines designed to insert documents or correspondence in wrappers or in envelopes and to seal them, and coin-counting or wrapping machines (heading 84.72).

Also the following, although potentially covered by heading 84.24, are in fact classified in later headings of the Chapter:

(1) Ink-jet printing machines (heading 84.43).

(2) Water-jet cutting machines (heading 84.56).

The rule of precedence for headings 84.01 to 84.24 applies only to machines considered as a whole. Composite machines or multi-function machines are classified in accordance with Note 3 to Section XVI and functional units in accordance with Note 4 to that Section (see Parts (VI) and (VII) of the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI).

Machines which fall in two or more headings, none of which is within headings 84.01 to 84.24, are classified in that heading which provides the most specific description of the goods, or according to the principal use of the machine. Multi-purpose machines which are used equally for a number of different purposes or industries (e.g., eyeletting machines used equally well in the paper, textile, leather, plastics, etc., industries) are classified in heading 84.79.

(E) MACHINES INCORPORATING OR WORKING IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING MACHINE
AND PERFORMING A SPECIFIC FUNCTION

(Chapter Note 5 (E))

In accordance with the provisions of Note 5 (E) to Chapter 84, the following classification principles should be applied in the case of a machine incorporating or working in conjunction with an automatic data processing machine, and performing a specific function:

(1) A machine incorporating an automatic data processing machine and performing a specific function other than data processing is classifiable in the heading corresponding to the function of that machine or, in the absence of a specific heading, in a residual heading, and not in heading 84.71.

(2) Machines presented with an automatic data processing machine and intended to work in conjunction therewith to perform a specific function other than data processing, are to be classified as follows:

the automatic data processing machine must be classified separately in heading 84.71 and the other machines in the heading corresponding to the function which they perform unless, by application of Note 4 to Section XVI or Note 3 to Chapter 90, the whole is classified in another heading of Chapter 84, Chapter 85 or of Chapter 90.

84.01 Nuclear reactors; fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated, for nuclear reactors; machinery and apparatus for isotopic separation.



(I) NUCLEAR REACTORS

The term nuclear reactor covers, in general, all the apparatus and appliances inside the area screened off by the biological shield including, where appropriate, the shield itself. It also includes any other apparatus and appliances outside that area provided they form an integral part of those contained inside the screen.

A nuclear reactor generally comprises:

(A) The core, consisting of:

(B) The mechanical structure (for example, the reactor vessel; the fuel element (cartridges) loading grid; the piping and tubing for the conveyance of the coolant; the valves; the control rod operating mechanism, etc.).

(C) The measuring, checking and automatic-control instruments (e.g., neutron sources, ionisation chambers, thermocouples, telecameras, pressure or flow meters).

(D) The thermal and biological shields (of steel, concrete, lead, etc.).

Certain other machinery, apparatus and appliances may also be used in nuclear plant and may even be located inside the area screened off by the biological shield. These are not regarded as having thereby acquired the essential character of parts of a nuclear reactor and must therefore be classified in their own appropriate headings (see exclusions (c) to (ij) below).

The nature, characteristic features and manner of assembly of the component parts of nuclear reactors may, however, differ considerably. The various types of reactors are generally distinguished by reference to:

(1) The energy of the neutrons propagating the chain reaction (e.g., thermal (or slow), intermediate or fast reactors).

(2) The distribution of the fissile material in the core of the reactor (e.g., homogeneous reactors or heterogeneous reactors).

(3) The intended use (e.g., research reactors, isotope producing reactors, material testing reactors, reactors for the conversion of fertile materials into fissile material (converters or breeders), propulsion reactors, thermal or electrical energy producing reactors).

(4) The nature of the materials used or the principle of operation (e.g., natural uranium, enriched uranium, uranium-thorium, sodium-graphite, gaseous-graphite, pressurised water, pressurised heavy water, boiling water, swimming pool, organic moderator type reactors).

In general, the size of a reactor is so calculated as to be at least “critical”, so that any outward loss of neutrons shall never be sufficient to interrupt the chain reaction. However, for research purposes, “subcritical” reactors, which require additional sources of neutrons, may sometimes be used. These reactors are also included in this heading.

Separately presented parts of nuclear reactors are, in general, classified in accordance with the provisions of Note 2 to Section XVI.

Control rods and the corresponding mechanisms, the neutron sources fitted to initiate the fission reaction of the reactor, the vessel, the grid for insertion of the fuel elements (cartridges) and the pressurisers for pressurised water reactors are, therefore, classified in this heading as parts of nuclear reactors.

The following goods are, however, not regarded as parts of nuclear reactors:

(a) Blocks of graphite (heading 38.01 or 68.15), beryllium (heading 81.12), or beryllium oxide (heading 69.14).

(b) Metal tubes and pipes, in special forms, or merely shaped but not otherwise worked, presented unassembled, whether or not identifiable as for the construction of nuclear reactors (Section XV).

(c) Steam and other vapour generating boilers (heading 84.02).

(d) Heat exchangers (heading 84.04 or 84.19).

(e) Steam turbines and other vapour turbines (heading 84.06).

(f) Pumps (heading 84.13 or 84.14).

(g) Blowers (heading 84.14).

(h) Apparatus for extracting minerals from water (generally heading 84.19 or 84.21).

(ij) Handling machinery for changing or extracting the fuel elements and travelling cranes (generally heading 84.26).

(k) Mechanical remote control manipulators for radioactive products (heading 84.28).


(II) MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR ISOTOPIC SEPARATION

This group covers all mechanical, thermal or electrical apparatus and devices specially designed for the enrichment of a chemical element or of a compound of that element in one of its isotopes, or for the complete separation of the constituent isotopes.

The most important are those used for the production of heavy water (deuterium oxide) or for the enrichment of uranium in U 235.

The apparatus and devices used for the production of heavy water by enrichment of natural water include:

(1) Special fractional distillation and rectification apparatus comprising a very large number of plates arranged in clusters and in cascade and utilising the slight difference in boiling point between heavy water and normal water to obtain head fractions which are continually more depleted in heavy water and tail fractions which are continually more enriched.

(2) Apparatus which, by low-temperature fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen, separates the deuterium, which can then be combusted to obtain heavy water.

(3) Apparatus for the production of heavy water or deuterium compounds, based on isotopic exchange, sometimes in the presence of catalytic agents, for example by the “ dual-temperature ” method or by contact of different liquid or gaseous hydrogenous phases.

(4) Electrolytic cells intended for the production of heavy water by water electrolysis, and apparatus combining electrolysis with isotopic exchange between the hydrogen produced and the originating water itself.

For the enrichment of uranium in U 235, the following apparatus is most often used:

(1) Special centrifuges called “gas” (uranium hexafluoride) centrifuges, whose cylindrical rotor (“bowl”), of plastic material or steel, rotates at very high speeds.

These centrifuges are treated internally against the corrosive effects of uranium hexafluoride. In practice, a very large number of units is used, arranged in cascade and operating down-current or counter-current.

(2) Uranium isotope separators (gaseous diffusion type). In this equipment, gaseous uranium hexafluoride is separated into two fractions, with slightly different contents of uranium 235 compared to the starting gas, by diffusion through a porous membrane (“barrier”) inside a diffusion chamber (which may be tubular). By repeating the operation many times pure uranium 235 hexafluoride can be obtained.

(3) “Nozzle” apparatus (Becker process), in which a stream of gas (uranium hexafluoride and helium or hydrogen) is injected at high speed into a highly incurved nozzle. A “paring tube” at the outlet separates the enriched fraction of uranium hexafluoride.

Calutrons for electro-magnetic separation are also classified in this heading.

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines and apparatus of this group are also covered.

(III) FUEL ELEMENTS (CARTRIDGES) NON-IRRADIATED,
FOR NUCLEAR REACTORS

Fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated, for nuclear reactors consist of fissile or fertile material contained in a sheath, generally of base metal (e.g., of zirconium, aluminium, magnesium, stainless steel), fitted with special attachments for handling.

Fissile fuel elements may contain natural uranium, either in the metallic state or as compounds (oxides, carbides, nitrides, etc.), uranium enriched in uranium 235 or 233 or in plutonium, either in the metallic state or as compounds, or thorium enriched in plutonium. Fertile fuel elements (for example, with thorium or depleted uranium), when placed at the periphery of the reactor to reflect neutrons, become fissile after absorbing some of the neutrons.

Fuel elements are of different types, for example:

(1) Combustible metals or alloys thereof in the form of bars or tubes sheathed in base metal. This metallic sheath may be flanged to facilitate heat exchange, and the element may be fitted with a support and a head for convenience of insertion into and extraction from the reactor.

(2) Dispersions of the fissile fuel in graphite in the form of bars, plates or spheres encased in graphite or consisting of other types of dispersions and cermets. These are flanged or fitted in the same way as the fuel elements (cartridges) described in (1) above.

(3) An assembly of:

All these types of fuel elements (cartridges) are fitted with supports which also serve to keep them spaced apart and fixed in place; they often have an outer casing. All the sub-elements constituting these fuel elements (cartridges) are mounted on a common base and attached to a common head.

Presented separately, these sub-elements (e.g., stainless steel sheaths filled with nuclear fuel and sealed) are classified as parts of fuel elements (cartridges).

Microspheres of nuclear fuel coated with layers of carbon or silicon carbide, intended for introduction into spherical or prismatic fuel elements, and spent (irradiated) fuel elements (cartridges), fall in heading 28.44.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Furnaces for the separation of irradiated nuclear fuel by pyrometallurgical processes (heading 84.17 or 85.14, as the case may be).

(b) Separators for irradiated fuels or for processing effluents, operating by fractional distillation (other than those for the production of heavy water) (heading 84.19).

(c) Air filters specially designed to eliminate radioactive dust (physical or electrostatic types); active-charcoal purifiers for retaining radioactive iodine; ion-exchange apparatus for the separation of radioactive elements, including such apparatus operating by electrodialysis; separators for irradiated fuels or for processing effluents, whether operating by ion-exchange or operating chemically (heading 84.21).

84.02 Steam or other vapour generating boilers (other than central heating hot water boilers capable also of producing low pressure steam); super-heated water boilers.



(A) STEAM OR OTHER VAPOUR GENERATING BOILERS

This group includes apparatus for generating steam or other vapour (e.g., mercury vapour) to operate prime movers (e.g., steam turbines) or other machines using steam power (e.g., steam hammers and pumps) or to supply steam to apparatus for heating, cooking, sterilising, etc., including steam generating boilers for central heating.

It includes separately presented boilers (e.g., locomotive boilers) even though they may clearly be specially constructed to form an integral part of a particular machine, apparatus or vehicle.

Steam boilers may be heated by means of a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel, or by electricity.

The desire to obtain a more efficient heating effect, or quicker vaporisation from fuel-burning boilers has led to the production of boilers differing in structure. The main types are :

(1) Firetube boilers (e.g., locomotive boilers), in which the body of the boiler is traversed by tubes through which the flue gases are conducted.

(2) Watertube boilers, in which a system of watertubes is surrounded by the flue gases; the internal walls of some boilers are also formed of watertubes.

(3) Hybrid boilers, which are generally a combination of types (1) and (2) above.

In some boilers, the systems of tubes are connected by a collector to one or more generally cylindrical bodies which serve to store the water or separate the water from the vapour. In others, known as forced circulation boilers, there is sometimes no evaporation drum and the circulation of the water is accelerated by a pump.

Boilers vary considerably in size. Small boilers are usually presented assembled, the various components being enclosed in a shell or mounted on a common base. The larger boilers comprise as a rule a number of separate elements for assembly on site, either within a shell or within a structure of brickwork.

(B) SUPER-HEATED WATER BOILERS

These are boilers in which the water is submitted to fairly high pressure so that it can be heated to a temperature far in excess of the normal vaporisation point (generally of the order of 180 °C or more).

These boilers are structurally very similar to the boilers described in Part (A) above. The pressure required for their operation is obtained either by accumulating steam in, for example, an evaporator drum, or in some cases, by means of an inert gas (generally nitrogen). The super-heated water produced in the boiler must be kept constantly under pressure. It therefore circulates in closed circuit, starting from and returning to the boiler.

Super-heated water boilers are used to provide heat, generally at a distance, to industrial plant (motor vehicle body paint drying tunnels, for instance), or to large groups of buildings or district heating schemes. In the latter case, heat is provided through heat exchangers in which the super-heated water (primary fluid) transfers calories to a secondary fluid that heats the premises.
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In order to increase or regulate their output or efficiency, the boilers of this heading are often equipped with a wide range of auxiliary apparatus. Such auxiliary apparatus includes economisers, air pre-heaters, super-heaters, de-super-heaters, steam receivers, steam accumulators, soot removers, gas recoverers, watertube fire-box walls and other apparatus of heading 84.04, and feed water purifiers, de-aerators, de-gasifiers and softeners of heading 84.21.

Such auxiliaries are classified with the boilers in this heading when they are presented together therewith, whether they already form, or are designed to form subsequently, a whole with those boilers; if presented separately they are to be classified in their own appropriate headings.

Similarly, and provided they are designed to form a whole therewith, grates presented with boilers are classified in this heading together with the boiler. In this respect, no distinction is made between grates already incorporated in boilers and those designed to be combined with boilers by means of a brickwork structure.

The heading excludes the types of boilers designed only for heating water to a temperature below its normal vaporisation point, and central heating hot water boilers of heading 84.03 (even if capable also of producing low pressure steam).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the boilers of this heading are also covered, e.g., boiler bodies and bases, internal assemblies for boilers consisting of tubes, watertube caps, headers, boiler drums, steam domes, non-mechanical fire-boxes, inspection covers and fusible plugs.

Metal tubes or pipes which have been bent or curved but not otherwise worked, presented unassembled, are not identifiable as parts of boilers and are therefore to be classified in Section XV.

84.03 Central heating boilers other than those of heading 84.02.


This heading includes central heating boilers of any size (other than stoves with subsidiary boilers, of heading 73.21), using any type of fuel (e.g., wood, coal, coke, gas, fuel oil), for heating houses, flats, factories, workshops, greenhouses, etc., by circulation of water; it also includes electric central heating boilers.

They may be equipped with pressure regulators and gauges, water levels, taps, cocks, burners and similar parts or accessories.

Hot water boilers, even if also capable of producing low pressure steam, are also classified in this heading.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading also covers identifiable parts of central heating boilers such as boiler casings, walls, doors and manhole or inspection port covers, etc.

The following are not regarded as parts:

(a) Pipes and fittings to connect up central heating boilers and radiators (generally headings 73.03 to 73.07).

(b) Expansion reservoirs or chambers (heading 73.09, 73.10 or 84.79).

(c) Furnace burners (heading 84.16).

(d) Steam or hot water taps, cocks, etc. (heading 84.81).


84.04 - Auxiliary plant for use with boilers of heading 84.02 or 84.03 (for example, economisers, super-heaters, soot removers, gas recoverers); condensers for steam or other vapour power units.
(A) AUXILIARY PLANT FOR USE WITH BOILERS
OF HEADING 84.02 OR 84.03

These include:

(1) Economisers for pre-heating the boiler feed water by utilising the waste heat of the flue gases or, in some types, exhaust steam. They usually consist of headers fitted with a system of cast iron or steel gilled tubing, sometimes contained within a separate chamber of sheet metal into which the flue gases or exhaust steam are discharged. In the mixing type economiser waste steam is passed directly into a chamber containing the feed water.

(2) Air pre-heaters. These also make use of the waste heat. They consist of air chambers with heat-exchange systems of varying types, e.g., tubular types through which the hot flue gases circulate thus heating the air in the chamber; plate-type in which air and smoke gases circulate separately in adjoining narrow compartments. Certain types incorporate rotating baffle plates.

(3) Super-heaters. These consist of headers with a high-pressure steel tube system in which the saturated steam from the boiler is further heated to remove moisture and to produce steam at high temperature. Super-heaters are often part of the main boiler assembly, but in some cases have a separate flue system.

(4) De-super-heaters. These are used to prevent the development of too high a temperature in the super-heaters. Normally they are placed between two sections of the super-heater, and generally consist of a cast iron body into which the steam is passed and cooled by a flow of water.

(5) Steam collectors.Cylindrical bodies for collecting the steam from a group of boilers.

(6) Steam accumulators. Large insulated cylindrical steel high-pressure reservoirs for the storage of a reserve of steam.

(7) Thermic or heat accumulators. These are used to store the surplus heat from steam boilers.

(8) Tubular furnace-walls, i.e., a system of vertical tubing connected to conduits in which the feed water circulates, and designed to be mounted in front of the interior surface of the furnace walls. They serve the double function of preventing the over-heating of the furnace walls and at the same time pre-heating the feed water.

(9) Soot removers (soot blowers), automatic or not. These remove soot and similar deposits from the tubular parts of the steam-generating installation (e.g., super-heaters, watertubes, firetubes and economisers) by the use of jets of steam or compressed air. They consist of a tube (fixed or retractable) with a number of jets controlled by a valve and coupled to the steam or compressed air conduit. In other cases soot removers take the form of retractable jets.

(10) Gas recoverers. These are devices by which the exhaust gases are returned to the furnace for combustion of unburnt particles.

(11) Sludge scrapers.

(B) CONDENSERS FOR STEAM OR OTHER VAPOUR POWER UNITS

These include steam condensers of various kinds, whose function is to reduce the back pressure in steam engines by cooling and condensing the exhaust steam, thus increasing the power of the engine. They include:

(1) Surface-condensers. These consist of a cylindrical shell enclosing a system of tubes. The steam is led into the cylinder, and cold water circulates through the pipes (or occasionally vice versa) thus condensing the steam.

(2) Mixing condensers. In these the steam is mixed directly with water. The heading includes ejector condensers in which a partial vacuum is created in the condenser chamber by a jet of water (acting in the same way as the jet in an ejector pump).

(3) Air-cooled condensers. These consist of gilled steam tubing cooled by a forced current of air.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the above apparatus and appliances.

Metal tubes or pipes which have been bent or curved but not otherwise worked, presented unassembled, are not identifiable as parts of goods of this heading and are therefore to be classified in Section XV.
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The heading excludes the following, whether or not for use in boiler-houses:

(a) Pumps (including water-injectors for force-feeding the boiler), blowers, fans and other machinery of heading 84.13 or 84.14.

(b) Furnace burners, mechanical grates, mechanical stokers and the like (heading 84.16).

(c) Distillation and other condensers of heading 84.19.

(d) Filters and purifiers for water, gases, etc. (heading 84.21).

84.05 Producer gas or water gas generators, with or without their purifiers; acetylene gas generators and similar water process gas generators, with or without their purifiers.


This heading covers self-contained apparatus and plant for generating any kind of gas (e.g., producer gas, water gas and mixtures thereof, or acetylene) whatever the intended use of the gas produced (lighting, industrial heating, feeding gas engines, welding or cutting metals, chemical synthesis, etc.).

The heading also includes producer gas generators specially constructed for use in motor vehicles, but excludes acetylene generators which are in fact lamps requiring only the fitting of a burner (heading 94.05).

(A) PRODUCER GAS GENERATORS

These usually consist of a closed cylinder, generally fitted with a refractory lining or a water-cooled double wall enclosing a grate (either of fixed, shaking or revolving type), with provision for passing a current of air (or of air and steam) by suction or blowing. A thick bed of fuel is burned on the grate and the flow of air and steam is regulated so that combustion is incomplete. The decomposition of the water and the incomplete combustion of the fuel yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resultant mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen (producer gas) is drawn off at the top of the apparatus.

In certain generators of the “reversed combustion” type, the air is blown from the top to the bottom and along the sides of the cylinder and the gas is collected at the bottom of the apparatus, below the grate. This allows for more complete combustion of tars, etc.

(B) WATER GAS GENERATORS

These are of similar construction, but are arranged so that air and a spray of water or steam are blown in alternate phases into the apparatus. The gas resulting from the water phase is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (water gas) having a higher heating power than producer gas. It may be collected separately from the producer gas obtained during the air phase or the two gases may be mixed.

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Both producer gas and water gas generators may be adapted for burning many kinds of solid fuel (e.g., coal, coke, charcoal, wood, vegetable or other waste).

For certain uses, particularly for supplying gas engines, producer or water gases must be cleaned of impurities such as dust, tars, sulphurous compounds, etc., and sometimes reheated or cooled. For this purpose, the generators are often fitted with purifiers (comprising perforated cones, coke beds, scrubbers, etc.), coolers, dryers, reheaters, etc. Such purifiers and other auxiliary apparatus are classified with the generators when presented therewith, provided they are clearly suitable for use together. When presented separately they fall in their own respective headings (e.g., purifiers in heading 84.21).

(C) ACETYLENE WATER PROCESS GAS GENERATORS
These are generally of simple construction, consisting of a water-sealed gas reservoir, the movement of which, as it is charged and discharged, automatically controls the gas generating device. There are three types of generating devices:

(1) Producing intermittent immersion of the mass of calcium carbide in the water.



(2) Providing for the gradual addition of carbide to water.

(3) Causing water to be dripped on to the carbide.

(D) OTHER WATER PROCESS GAS GENERATORS

These include oxygen generators (e.g., those used in submarines) and ethylene generators (e.g., those based on the action of water on certain chemicals).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the apparatus of this heading are also classified here (e.g., gas generator bodies, grates, gas collectors and water-carbide mixers).

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Free-piston generators for gas turbines (heading 84.14).

(b) Coke ovens (e.g., town gas generators) (heading 84.17).

(c) Ozone generating and diffusing apparatus, electric, designed for non-therapeutic purposes (e.g., for industrial uses, for the ozonisation of premises), and electrolytic gas generators for the generation of, e.g., nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulphide or prussic acid (heading 85.43) and ozonotherapy apparatus (heading 90.19).


84.06 Steam turbines and other vapour turbines.
This heading covers steam turbines which are driven by the kinetic energy of expanding steam applied to the vanes or blades of a wheel. They consist essentially of:

(1) A rotor comprising a shaft on which is mounted a wheel (or wheels) the rim of which carries a row of closely-spaced vanes or blades generally of curved cross-section and sometimes referred to as “buckets”.

(2) A stator consisting of a casing, in which the rotor is supported and revolves, containing a system of stationary blades or nozzles to direct the steam on to the blading of the rotor.

In “impulse” turbines the stator is provided with nozzles in which the steam expands and issues at high velocity tangentially to the bucket blades of the rotor. In a “reaction” turbine the blades on the rotor revolve between similarly shaped stationary blades mounted in the reverse form round the face of the stator, and so arranged that the steam flows axially through the blades of the stator and on to the adjacent blades of the rotor.

For greater efficiency two systems are often combined in “compound turbines”, but more often a series of rotors are mounted on a common shaft (multi-stage turbines) to allow progressive expansion of the steam.

The high rotational speed of turbines makes them particularly suitable for the direct driving of machines such as electric generators (turbo-generators), compressors, ventilators or centrifugal pumps. For some purposes (e.g., steamships and certain locomotives) turbines are fitted with reversing or reduction gear. When presented separately, these reversing or reduction gears are excluded (heading 84.83).

This heading also covers mercury vapour turbines. These are of a structure and use similar to the steam turbines described above, but use mercury vapour in place of steam.

PARTS

An essential component of a turbine is a governing mechanism so that the supply of steam or other vapour to the turbine can be adjusted to suit the load and to maintain constant speed.

This heading covers such governors and, subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), other parts of turbines (e.g., rotors and stators and their segments, rotor or stator blades).


84.07 Spark-ignition reciprocating or rotary internal combus­tion piston engines.
This heading covers spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion piston engines and rotary internal combustion piston engines (Wankel engines having a trilobal disc type “piston”), other than those of Chapter 95. It includes such engines for motor vehicles.

These engines generally have the following elements: cylinder, piston, connecting-rod, crank shaft, flywheel, inlet and exhaust valves, etc. They make use of the expansion force of a charge of inflammable gas or vapour burned inside a cylinder.

The characteristic feature of these engines is that they are equipped with sparking plugs fitted into the cylinder head and with electrical devices (such as magnetos, coils and contact breakers) synchronised with the motor, for supplying high tension current.

In the more common types the fuel and air are mixed (e.g., in a carburettor) before induction into the cylinder by the suction stroke of the piston, but in some cases (e.g., certain aircraft engines and motor car engines) the fuel is introduced into the cylinder head directly by an injector.

The most usual fuel is petrol, but others include kerosene, alcohol, hydrogen, coal gas, methane, etc.

Gas engines are most frequently fed by producer gas generators which are sometimes integral with the engine, but are more often independent. In the latter case the generators are always classified in heading 84.05.
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These engines may have one or several cylinders. In the latter case the connecting-rods are coupled to a single crank shaft, and the cylinders, fed separately, may be arranged in various ways, e.g., in a vertical line (upright or inverted), in two symmetrical obliquely opposed rows (V-engines), horizontally opposed on opposite sides on the crank shaft or, for certain aircraft engines, radially. The rotary piston engine (Wankel engine) operates on the same general principle as the conventional piston engines described above. However, instead of a crank shaft turned by an oscillating piston and connecting rod, the rotary piston engine has a trilobal disc (“ piston ”) in a specially shaped housing (epitrochoid), which directly rotates a driving shaft.

The “piston” divides the housing (combustion chamber) into several compartments and each complete rotation corresponds for each lobe to a four-stroke cycle. These engines may have one or more housings with “pistons”.

The engines of this heading are suitable for very many uses, e.g., in agricultural machines; for driving electric generators, pumps or compressors; for propelling aircraft, motorcars, motorcycles, autocycles, tractors or boats.

The engines of this heading may be equipped with fuel injection pumps, ignition parts, fuel or oil reservoirs, water radiators, oil coolers, water, oil or fuel pumps, blowers, air or oil filters, clutches or power drives, or starting devices (electric or other). Change speed gears may also be fitted. The engines may also be equipped with a flexible shaft.

The heading includes “outboard motors” for the propulsion of small boats, consisting of a motor of this heading, a propeller and a steering device, the whole constituting a single, indivisible unit. These motors, designed to be attached to the outside of the hull of the boat, are detachable, that is they can be attached and removed easily and are adjustable, the unit turning on the point of attachment. However, motors designed to be fixed to the inside of the hull at the rear of the boat combined with a block holding a steering propeller fixed to the exterior of the boat at the corresponding place are not regarded as outboard motors.

It also covers mobile motors consisting of engines mounted on a wheeled chassis or on runners, including those with driving mechanisms permitting their self-propulsion to a certain extent (but not constituting vehicles of Chapter 87).

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The heading excludes variable compression motors of the spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine type designed specially for determination of the octane and cetane value of motor fuels (Chapter 90).
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the engines of this heading are classified in heading 84.09.
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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 8407.10

The expression “aircraft engines” means engines designed or modified for fitting with a propeller (airscrew) or rotor.

Subheadings 8407.31, 8407.32, 8407.33 and 8407.34

For engines with cylinders, the cylinder capacity is equal to the volume of that part of a cylinder swept by the piston between bottom dead centre and top dead centre, multiplied by the number of cylinders.


84.08 Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or semi-diesel engines).

This heading covers compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (other than those of Chapter 95), including those for motor vehicles.

These engines are of similar mechanical construction to spark-ignition internal combustion piston engines and have the same essential elements (i.e., cylinder, piston, connecting-rod, crank shaft, flywheel, inlet and exhaust valves, etc.), but differ in that the air (or sometimes air mixed with gas) is first admitted to the cylinder where it is rapidly compressed. Atomised liquid fuel is then injected into the combustion chamber where it is spontaneously ignited by the heat developed, the compression being considerably greater than in the spark-ignition engine.

In addition to diesel engines, there are intermediate compression-ignition semi-diesel engines which operate at lower compression. To start this type, the cylinder-head must be pre-heated by a blow-lamp or a glow plug must be used.

Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines operate on heavy fluid fuels such as heavy petroleum or coal tar oils, shale oils, vegetable oils (ground-nut, castor, palm, etc.).
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The engines of this heading may have one or several cylinders. In the latter case the connecting-rods are coupled to a single crank shaft, and the cylinders, fed separately, may be arranged in various ways, e.g., in a vertical line (upright or inverted), in two symmetrical obliquely opposed rows (V-engines), horizontally opposed on opposite sides on the crank shaft.

The engines of this heading are suitable for very many uses, e.g., in agricultural machines, for propelling motorcars, tractors, locomotives or ships or in electric power stations, etc.

The engines of this heading may be equipped with fuel injection pumps, ignition parts, fuel or oil reservoirs, water radiators, oil coolers, water or oil pumps, blowers, air or oil filters, clutches or power drives, or starting devices (electric or other). Change speed gears may also be fitted. The engines may also be equipped with a flexible shaft.

It also covers mobile motors consisting of engines mounted on a wheeled chassis or on runners, including those with driving mechanisms permitting their self-propulsion to a certain extent (but not constituting vehicles of Chapter 87).
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The heading excludes variable compression motors of the compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine type designed specially for determination of the octane and cetane value of motor fuels (Chapter 90).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the engines of this heading are classified in heading 84.09.

84.09 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the engines of heading 84.07 or 84.08.


Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading covers parts of internal combustion piston engines of heading 84.07 or 84.08 (e.g., pistons, cylinders and cylinder blocks; cylinder heads; cylinder liners; inlet or exhaust valves; inlet or exhaust manifolds; piston rings; connecting-rods; carburettors; fuel nozzles).

However, the heading excludes:

(a) Injection pumps (heading 84.13).

(b) Engine crank shafts and cam shafts (heading 84.83); and gear-boxes (heading 84.83).

(c) Electrical ignition or starting equipment (including sparking plugs and glow plugs) (heading 85.11).


84.10 Hydraulic turbines, water wheels, and regulators therefor.
This heading covers hydraulic turbines and water wheels which can, by themselves, transform into motive power the energy possessed by moving liquids or liquids under pressure (e.g., the flow or fall of water; pressure of water, oil or special fluids). These engines or motors may thus operate by directing a moving mass of water on to paddles, blades or helicoidal elements fitted to a wheel.

(A) HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Hydraulic turbines consist of a rotor encased in a stator which directs jets of water on to the blades, etc., of the rotor.

Hydraulic turbines are mainly of three types:

(1) Pelton type, for high-pressure water supply of comparatively small volume. The rotor consists of a wheel fitted radially around its periphery with a large number of cups. The stator consists merely of a strong casing with one or more jets directing the water tangentially on to the cups.

(2) Francis type, for medium or low water pressure at large volume. These comprise a one-piece cast steel rotor with large, fixed helicoidal blades, and a stator consisting of conduit tubing, usually spiralled, with large, variable angle guide blades ensuring a radial flow of water around the whole periphery of the rotor, and an axial water-outlet.

(3) Kaplan type, for low pressure supplies. These are turbines, closely resembling those described above, both the stator and rotor having adjustable angle blades.

The main use of hydraulic turbines is in hydro-electric installations.

(B) WATER WHEELS

These very simple engines consist of a large wheel fitted with flat or hollow paddles of wood or metal around its periphery, the axle of the wheel being generally fitted with a step-up gear. The mechanical power produced is generally used directly in small workshops, saw-mills, flour-mills, etc.

Paddle-wheels for boats, although similar in appearance, are excluded (heading 84.87).

Hydrometric paddle-wheels are also excluded (heading 90.15).
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the hydraulic turbines or water wheels of this heading are also classified here (e.g., rotors, stators, blades and buckets for stators or rotors, casings for spiral conduits, regulators which automatically regulate the flow of water or the angle of the variable pitch rotors or stators, according to type, in order to maintain uniformity of the speed of rotation despite variations in the load, valve needles for regulators).

84.11 Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines.


This heading covers turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines.

The turbines of this heading are, in general, internal combustion engines which do not usually require any external source of heat as does, for example, a steam turbine.

(A) TURBO-JETS

A turbo-jet consists of a compressor, a combustion system, a turbine and a nozzle, which is a convergent duct placed in the exhaust pipe. The hot pressurised gas exiting from the turbine is converted to a high velocity gas stream by the nozzle. The reaction of this gas stream acting on the engine provides the motive force which may be used to power aircraft. In its simplest form the compressor and turbine are accommodated on a single shaft. In more complex designs the compressor is made in two parts (a two spool compressor) in which the spool of each part is driven by its own turbine through concentric shafting. Another variation is to add a ducted fan usually at the inlet to the compressor and drive this either by a third turbine or connect it to the first compressor spool. The fan acts in the nature of a ducted propeller, most of its output bypassing the compressor and turbine and joining the exhaust jet to provide extra thrust. This version is sometimes called a “bypass fan jet”.


So-called “after-burning” appliances are auxiliary units for mounting in series with certain turbo-jet engines in order to boost their power output for short periods. These appliances have their own fuel supply and utilise the excess oxygen in the gases issuing from the turbo-jet.


(B) TURBO-PROPELLERS

Such engines are similar to turbo-jets, but have a further turbine downstream of the compressor turbine, which is coupled to a conventional propeller such as is used on piston engined aircraft. This latter turbine is sometimes referred to as a “free turbine”, meaning that it is not mechanically coupled to the compressor and compressor turbine shaft. Thus most of the hot pressurised gas leaving the compressor turbine is converted into shaft power by the free turbine instead of being expanded in a nozzle as is the case in turbo-jets. In some cases, the gases leaving the free turbine may be expanded in a nozzle to provide auxiliary jet power and assist the propeller.

(C) OTHER GAS TURBINES

This group includes industrial gas-turbine units which are either specifically designed for industrial use or adapt turbo-jets or turbo-propeller units for uses other than providing motive power for aircraft.

There are two types of cycles:

(1) The simple cycle, in which air is ingested and compressed by the compressor, heated in the combustion system and passed through the turbine, finally exhausting to the atmosphere.

(2) The regenerative cycle, in which air is ingested, compressed and passed through the air pipes of a regenerator. The air is pre-heated by the turbine exhaust and is then passed to the combustion system where it is further heated by the addition of fuel. The air/gas mixture passes through the turbine and is exhausted through the hot gas side of the regenerator and finally to the atmosphere.

There are two types of designs:

(a) The single-shaft gas turbine unit, in which the compressor and turbine are built on a single shaft, the turbine providing power to rotate the compressor and to drive rotating machinery through a coupling. This type of drive is most effective for constant speed applications such as electrical power generation.

(b) The two-shaft gas turbine unit, in which the compressor, combustion system and compressor turbine are accommodated in one unit generally called a gas generator, whilst a second turbine on a separate shaft receives the heated and pressurised gas from the exhaust of the gas generator. This second turbine known as the power turbine is coupled to a driven unit, such as a compressor or pump. Two-shaft gas turbines are normally applied where load demand variations require a range of power and rotational speed from the gas turbine.

These gas turbines are used for marine craft and locomotives, for electrical power generation, and for mechanical drives in the oil and gas, pipeline and petrochemical industries.

This group also includes other gas turbines without a combustion chamber, comprising simply a stator and rotor and which use energy from gases provided by other machines or appliances (e.g., gas generators, diesel engines, free-piston generators) and compressed air or other compressed gas turbines.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the engines and motors of this heading are also classified here (e.g., gas turbine rotors, combustion chambers and vents for jet engines, parts of turbo-jet engines (stator rings, with or without blades, rotor discs or wheels, with or without fins, blades and fins), fuel feed regulators, fuel nozzles).

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 8411.11 and 8411.12

Thrust is to be taken to mean the product of the exhaust mass flow per second and the difference between the exhaust velocity and the air inlet velocity.


84.12 Other engines and motors.
This heading covers engines and motors not included in the preceding headings (headings 84.06 to 84.08, 84.10 or 84.11) or in heading 85.01 or 85.02. It therefore covers non-electric engines and motors other than steam turbines and other vapour turbines, spark-ignition and compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines, hydraulic turbines, water wheels, turbo-jets, turbo-propellers or other gas turbines.

The heading includes reaction engines (other than turbo-jets), pneumatic power engines and motors, wind engines (windmills), spring-operated or weight-operated motors, etc., certain hydraulic power engines and motors, and certain steam or other vapour power units.

(A) REACTION ENGINES OTHER THAN TURBO-JETS

(1) Ram-jets.
(2) Pulse-jets.
(3) Rocket engines.
There are two main types: Rockets are classified in this heading only when forming propulsive units proper (e.g., for auxiliary or take-off engines for aircraft, or for fitting to guided missiles or for satellite or spacecraft launch vehicles).
This group excludes:

(a) Anti-hail rockets, life-line rockets and similar rockets of a pyrotechnic type (heading 36.04).

(b) Satellite or spacecraft launch vehicles (heading 88.02).

(c) Guided missiles incorporating power-units (heading 93.06).

(B) HYDRAULIC POWER ENGINES AND MOTORS


This group includes:

(1) Certain engines, other than turbines or wheels of heading 84.10, producing mechanical power by utilising the energy of the waves or sea swell (Savonius rotor with two semi-cylindrical bladings) or of the tides.

(2) Water column machines operating by the pressure of water on pistons. The water acts on two or more pistons moving inside the cylinders which in turn drive a shaft.

(3) Hydraulic cylinders consisting, for example, of a brass or steel barrel and a piston operated by oil (or other liquid) under pressure applied on one side (single-acting) or on both sides (double-acting) of the piston, the energy of the liquid under pressure being converted into a linear motion. These cylinders are used on machine-tools, construction machinery, steering mechanisms, etc.

(4) Hydraulic valve actuators, presented separately, consisting of a metal casing containing a piston which, by means of a pin perpendicular to the piston rod, converts the linear motion caused by the action of a liquid under pressure into a rotary motion, in order to operate a plug valve or other appliance with a rotating mechanism.

(5) Hydraulic servomotors which perform the role of final or intermediate actuators in feedback control systems or regulating systems. These servomotors are used, e.g., in aircraft.

(6) Hydraulic systems consisting of a hydraulic power unit (comprising essentially a hydraulic pump, an electric motor, control valves and an oil tank), hydraulic cylinders and the pipes or hoses needed to connect the cylinders to the hydraulic power unit, the whole forming a functional unit within the meaning of Note 4 to Section XVI (see the General Explanatory Note to that Section). These systems are used, e.g., to operate civil engineering structures.

(7) “Hydraulic” jet engines (“hydrojets”) for motor boats. These consist of a powerful pump taking in the sea or river water and ejecting it as a high speed jet from an adjustable tube (or tubes) under or behind the boat.

(C) PNEUMATIC POWER ENGINES AND MOTORS

These engines use an external source of compressed air (or other gases) and, in principle, resemble a steam piston engine or, in some cases, a steam turbine. In suitable cases they may have burners or other heating devices to increase the air pressure (and hence the expansion energy) and also to prevent the cylinders from frosting due to a rapid drop in temperature.

These engines are mainly used in mines for haulage tractors and winches because of their safety as regards fire-damp explosion. They are also used in certain locomotives, on aircraft, in submarines, etc., as auxiliary starting motors for internal combustion engines, and for propelling torpedoes.

This group also includes:

(1) Vane motors, gear motors, axial and radial piston motors for pneumatic transmission.

(2) Pneumatic cylinders consisting, for example, of a brass or steel barrel and a piston operated by compressed air applied on one side (single-acting) or on both sides (double-acting) of the piston, the energy of the gas under pressure being converted into a linear motion. These cylinders are used on machine-tools, construction machinery, steering mechanisms, etc.

(3) Pneumatic valve actuators, presented separately, consisting of a metal casing containing a piston which, by means of a pin perpendicular to the piston rod, converts the linear motion caused by the action of a compressed gas into a rotary motion, in order to operate a plug valve or other appliance with a rotating mechanism.

(D) WIND ENGINES (WINDMILLS)

This group includes all power units (wind engines or wind turbines), which directly convert into mechanical energy the action of the wind on the blades (often of variable pitch) of a propeller or rotor.

Usually mounted on a fairly tall metal pylon, the propellers or rotors have an arm perpendicular to their plane, forming a vane, or some similar device for orientating the apparatus according to the direction of the wind. The motive force is generally transmitted by reduction gearing through a vertical shaft to the power take-off shaft at ground level. Some wind motors (“depression motors”) have hollow blades in which a pressure reduction is developed by rotation, and is transmitted to the ground by airtight conduits to drive a small reaction turbine.

Wind motors are usually of low power, and are mainly used in rural installations for driving irrigation pumps, drainage pumps or small electric generators.
Electric generator units composed of wind motors mounted integrally with an electric generator (including those for operation in aircraft slipstreams) are excluded (heading 85.02).

(E) SPRING-OPERATED OR WEIGHT-OPERATED MOTORS, ETC.

These include mechanisms which, like clockworks, use the energy produced by the release of wound-up springs, or which are operated by gravity (e.g., by a counterweight or any similar device). However, such mechanisms fitted, or adapted for fitting, with escapements are excluded (heading 91.08 or 91.09).

The motors of this group, particularly those of the spring-driven type, are used to operate a large variety of apparatus (e.g., musical boxes, automatic turnspits, revolving window displays, registering apparatus, engraving tools).

(F) PISTON ENGINES NOT INCORPORATING BOILERS

In these types the mechanical energy is produced by displacement of a piston inside a cylinder by the application of the pressure difference between the steam produced by the boiler and the atmospheric pressure (non-condensing engines) or the lower pressure of a condenser (condensing engines). The reciprocating or oscillating action of the piston is converted into rotary motion through a connecting-rod and crank shaft or flywheel.

The simplest types are the single-action engines in which the steam pressure acts on one end of the piston only; in other types (double-acting) the steam acts alternately on each end. In the more powerful engines the steam passes successively into two or more cylinders of increasing diameters, the connecting-rods of the respective pistons being coupled to a single crank shaft (compound, double or triple-expansion engines, etc.). Locomotive engines and ships’ engines, for example, belong to this last category.

(G) STEAM OR OTHER VAPOUR POWER UNITS
INCORPORATING BOILERS

The engines of this group comprise a boiler (usually of the firetube type) together with a single expansion or compound piston-type steam engine equipped with one or two flywheels which frequently also act as the power take-offs.

Engines of this kind are essentially of low or medium power output designed for more or less permanent installation but capable, because of their compact structure, of easy dismounting and removal.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI) parts of the engines and motors of this heading are also classified here (e.g., combustion chambers and vents for jet engines, fuel feed regulators, fuel nozzles, windmill airwheels, cylinders, pistons, slide-valves, centrifugal ball or flyweight-type governors, connecting-rods).

In general, parts of steam or other vapour power units incorporating boilers fall to be classified as parts of boilers (heading 84.02) or as parts of steam power units of this heading.

Transmission shafts and crank shafts are, however, excluded (heading 84.83).

84.13 Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device; liquid elevators.
This heading covers most machines and appliances for raising or otherwise continuously displacing volumes of liquids (including molten metal and wet concrete), whether they are operated by hand or by any kind of power unit, integral or otherwise.

The heading also includes delivery pumps equipped with measuring or price-calculating mechanisms such as are used for supplying petrol or oil in garages, and also pumps specially designed for use with other machines, vehicles, etc. (including petrol, oil or water pumps for internal combustion engines, and pumps for man-made textile fibre spinning machines).

The machines of this heading can be subdivided, according to their system of operation, into the following five categories.


(A) RECIPROCATING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

These use the linear suction or forcing action of a piston or plunger driven within a cylinder, the inlet and outlet being regulated by valves. “Single-acting” pumps utilise the thrust or suction of one end of the piston only; “double-acting” types pump at both ends of the piston thus using both the forward and reverse strokes. In simple “lift” pumps the liquid is merely raised by suction and discharged against atmospheric pressure. In “force” pumps, the compression stroke is used, in addition to the suction stroke, to force the liquid to heights or against pressure. Multi-cylinder pumps are used for increased output. The cylinders may be either in line or in a star shape.

This category includes:

(1) Diaphragm pumps. These incorporate a vibrating membrane of metal, leather, etc. (actuated either directly or through a fluid transmission) by which the liquid is raised.

(2) “Oil-cushion” pumps (for drainage, irrigation, pumping viscous liquids, acids, etc.). In these, a fluid immiscible with the pumped liquid acts as the membrane.

(3) Electro-magnetic pumps. In these, the forward and reverse strokes of the piston are produced by electro-magnetic action (oscillation of a wing placed in a magnetic field).

(4) Machines using the suction or forcing action of two pistons, such as those pumps designed to deliver wet concrete (concrete pumps). However, special purpose vehicles permanently equipped with the concrete pumps of this heading are excluded (heading 87.05).

(B) ROTARY POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

In these also, the intake and discharge of the liquid is effected by suction and compression, in this case produced by cams (lobes) or similar devices, rotated continuously on an axis. These devices make contact, at one or more points with the wall of the body of the pump, and form in this way the chambers in which the liquid is displaced.

They may be classified according to the nature of the rotating mechanism, viz.:

(1) Gear pumps. The liquid is displaced by the teeth of specially shaped gears.

(2) Vane pumps. The rotor is in the form of a cylinder revolving eccentrically and having projecting vanes free to move radially. The rotation permits the sliding vanes to maintain contact with the internal walls of the casing thereby displacing the liquid. This category also includes pumps which, in place of vanes, have rollers or a wheel with small flexible vanes or have a radial sliding vane attached to the body of the pump and rubbing on a smooth rotor turning with an eccentric movement.

(3) Rotary piston lobe type pumps with two interacting displacing elements rotating in a casing.

(4) Helicoidal pumps (screw pumps). In these the liquid is displaced longitudinally in the body of the pump under the pressure of several helicoidal threads meshed together and turning (pumps with two or more screws, pumps with helicoidal spindles, endless screw pumps).

(5) Peristaltic pumps. These have a flexible tube containing the liquid running along the length of the body of the housing and a rotor with rollers at each end. The rollers exert pressure on the flexible tube and the liquid is displaced by the rotational movement.

(C) CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

In these pumps, liquid taken in axially is set in rotation by the revolving blades of a rotor (impeller), the resulting centrifugal action forcing the liquid outwards to the periphery of an annular casing containing an outlet placed tangentially. The casing is sometimes fitted with divergent vanes (diffuser vanes) to transform the kinetic energy of the fluid into high pressure.

For very high pressures, multi-stage centrifugal pumps are used in which the liquid is directed in stages through a number of impellers on a common shaft.

Centrifugal pumps may be driven by an electric or internal combustion motor or by a turbine. Because of their high working speed they are suitable for direct coupling, whereas piston or rotary pumps require to be driven through reduction gears.

This group also covers submersible pumps, central heating circulating pumps, channel impeller pumps, side channel pumps and radial flow impeller pumps.

(D) OTHER PUMPS

The following pumps fall in this group: (1) Electro-magnetic pumps. These pumps have no moving parts, the liquid being put into circulation by the phenomenon of electrical conduction. These pumps should not be confused with certain reciprocating positive displacement pumps in which the in-and-out movement of a piston is obtained by electro-magnetic effect, nor with those which function by magnetic induction.

(2) Ejectors. In this type of pump, the kinetic energy of a jet of air, steam, water, etc., under pressure ejected from a tube, induces a suction and entrainment effect on the liquid handled. These pumps comprise a complex system of divergent and convergent pipes in a closed chamber from which the system of pipes emerges. Injectors of the Giffard type for supplying water to boilers, and injection pumps for internal combustion piston engines, working on the same principle, are also classified here.

(3) Emulsion pumps (gas lift pumps). In these, the liquid is mixed with compressed gas in the outlet pipe, the decrease in density of the emulsified liquid thus providing the lift. When compressed air is used, the pump is referred to as an air lift pump.

(4) Pumps in which the steam or gas pressure acts directly on the surface of the liquid. Examples are:
(E) LIQUID ELEVATORS

These include:

(1) Elevating wheels, with buckets, scoops, etc.

(2) Chain or cable elevators with buckets, scoops, rubber cups, etc.

(3) Band elevators. These consist of endless bands of textile or metal (corrugated, multi-cellular or spiral), in which the water is held by capillarity and ejected centrifugally.

(4) Archimedean screw-type elevators.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here, e.g., pump housings or bodies; rods specially designed to connect and drive the piston in pumps placed at some distance from the prime mover (e.g., pumping rods, “sucker rods”); pistons, plungers, vanes; cams (lobes); helicoidal screws, impeller wheels, diffuser vanes; buckets and bucket-fitted chains; bands for band-type liquid elevators; pressure chambers.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Pumps (e.g., for corrosive fluids) of ceramic material (heading 69.09).
(b) Hand powered oil cans and grease guns (heading 82.05) and compressed air grease guns (heading 84.67).

(c) Bottle-filling machines, etc., of heading 84.22.

(d) Appliances for projecting, dispersing or spraying liquids (heading 84.24).

(e) Motor fire-engines (heading 87.05).
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 8413.11 and 8413.19

These subheadings cover only those pumps, of whatever type, which form, or have been designed to form, a unit with a device permitting the volumetric control of the quantity of liquid discharged, whether or not this device is presented at the same time as the pump.

This control device may be very simple (for example, a calibrated globe or unit) or, on the contrary, consist of more complex mechanisms automatically controlling the stopping of the pump when a given total quantity is discharged (such as, for example, a delivery pump comprising a calibrated cylinder (measuring cylinder) and a device permitting, on the one hand, the determining of a desired quantity and, on the other, stopping the pump motor when the predetermined quantity is obtained) or fulfilling other operations connected with volumetric control proper (for example, pumps for integration of totals, prepayment pumps, price-calculating pumps, sampling pumps, automatic mixture regulating pumps and automatic dosage pumps).

On the other hand, when, for example, the measuring device is designed to be simply mounted on the tube through which the liquid set in motion by the pump flows, each of the two units (pump and measuring device) are to be classified in their own headings, even when presented together.

These subheadings cover, for example, pumps for delivering petrol or other motor fuels and lubricants as well as pumps with a measuring device for use in food shops, laboratories and various industrial activities.


84.14 Air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating a fan, whether or not fitted with filters.
This heading covers machines and appliances, hand-operated or power driven, for the compression of air or other gases, or for creating a vacuum, and also machines for circulating air or other gases.

(A) PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS

In general, air pumps, vacuum pumps and compressors function on the same principles as and are broadly of similar construction to the liquid pumps (piston, rotary, centrifugal or ejector pumps) described under the preceding heading.

In addition, however, there are certain special types, particularly for producing high vacua, such as diffusion pumps (the pump fluid being oil or mercury), molecular pumps and entrapment pumps (getter pumps, cryopumps). Diffusion pumps, however, are sometimes made of glass, in which case they are excluded (Chapter 70).

Air and vacuum pumps serve many purposes: for facilitating boiling, distilling or evaporating at reduced pressure; for evacuating electric lamps or tubes, vacuum flasks, etc. Air pumps serve for pumping air at pressure (e.g., for inflating pneumatic tyres).

Unlike liquid pumps, air or other gas compressors (other than low pressure or intermittent working compressors) are water-cooled or have fins or other means for air cooling (surface cooling) to dissipate the considerable heat of compression which is generated.

There are several types of compressors, for example, reciprocating piston, centrifugal, axial and rotary compressors. A special type of compressor is the exhaust-gas turbocharger used in internal-combustion piston engines to increase power output.

Compressors are widely used : for compressing gases into gas cylinders; in chemical processes; for refrigerators, etc. and for compressing air or other gases in reservoirs to be used to force feed machines or apparatus such as compressed air engines, pneumatic picks, winches, brakes, pneumatic conveyor tubes, submarine ballast tanks, etc.
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The heading also includes free-piston generators for gas turbines, consisting of two horizontally-opposed driving pistons sliding in a common cylinder which is extended and enlarged at each end to form compression cylinders in which slide two other pistons, connected to the driving pistons, forming a pneumatic recoil. The driving pistons are forced apart by the explosion of an ignited gas, thus displacing the compression pistons. The return stroke of the compression pistons compresses air admitted into the compression cylinders, and forces it through exhaust valves together with the exhaust gases. The high pressure of the hot gases enables them to be applied directly to the rotors of gas turbines, the generator thus replacing the usual combustion chamber and compressor of the gas turbine.

As in the case of the pumps of heading 84.13, the air pumps and compressors of this group may be built with integral motors or turbines, the latter being most often employed for high pressure compressors operating on the principle of the multi-stage gas turbine in reverse.

(B) FANS

These machines, which may or may not be fitted with integral motors, are designed either for delivering large volumes of air or other gases at relatively low pressure or merely for creating a movement of the surrounding air.

Those of the first kind may act as air extractors or as blowers (e.g., industrial blowers used in wind tunnels). They consist of a propeller or blade-type impeller revolving in a casing or conduit, and function on the principle of rotary or centrifugal compressors.

The second type are of more simple construction, and consist merely of a driven fan rotating in free air.

Fans are used, inter alia, for ventilating mines and premises of all kinds, silos, ships; for extracting by suction dust, steam, smoke, hot gases, etc.; for drying many materials (leather, paper, textiles, paint, etc.); in mechanical draught apparatus for furnaces.

This group also includes room fans, whether or not with a tilting or oscillating device. These include ceiling fans, table fans, wall bracket fans, ring mounted fans for building into walls, window panes, etc.

This heading excludes fans fitted with elements additional to their motors or housing (such as large dust separating cones, filters, cooling or heating elements and heat exchangers) if such elements give them the characteristics of more complexmachines of other headings, e.g., air heaters, not electrically heated (heading 73.22), air conditioning machines (heading 84.15), dust extractors (heading 84.21), air coolers for the industrial treatment of materials (heading 84.19) or for premises (heading 84.79), electric space heating apparatus with built-in fans (heading 85.16).

(C) VENTILATING OR RECYCLING HOODS INCORPORATING
A FAN, WHETHER OR NOT FITTED WITH FILTERS

This group includes cooker hoods incorporating a fan, for use in the home or in restaurants, canteens, hospitals, etc., as well as laboratory hoods and industrial hoods incorporating a fan.
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Compressors, air pumps, fans, blowers, etc., specially constructed for use with other machines remain classified in this heading and not as parts of such other machines.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here (e.g., pump or compressor bodies, blades, rotors or impellers, vanes and pistons).
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This heading also excludes:

(a) Exhaust-gas turbines (heading 84.11).

(b) Emulsion pumps (heading 84.13).

(c) Pneumatic elevators and conveyors (heading 84.28).

(d) Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading seed, grain or dried leguminous vegetables (heading 84.37).


84.15 Air conditioning machines, comprising a motor-driven fan and elements for changing the temperature and humidity, including those machines in which the humidity cannot be separately regulated.

This heading covers certain apparatus for maintaining required conditions of temperature and humidity in closed spaces. The machines may also comprise elements for the purification of air.

They are used for air conditioning offices, homes, public halls, ships, motor vehicles, etc., and also in certain industrial installations requiring special atmospheric conditions (e.g., in the textile, paper, tobacco or food industries).

The heading applies only to machines:

(1) Equipped with a motor-driven fan or blower, and

(2) Designed to change both the temperature (a heating or cooling element or both) and the humidity (a humidifying or drying element or both) of air, and

(3) For which the elements mentioned in (1) and (2) are presented together.

In these machines the elements for humidifying or drying the air may be separate from those for heating or cooling it. However, certain types incorporate only a single unit which changes both the temperature and, by condensation, the humidity of the air. These air conditioning machines cool and dry (by condensation of water vapour on a cold coil) the air of the room in which they are installed or, if they have an outside air intake (damper), a mixture of fresh air and room air. They are generally provided with drip pans to catch the condensate.

The machines may be in the form of single units encompassing all the required elements, such as self-contained window or wall types (referred to as “through-the-wall” units). Alternatively, they may be in the form of “split-systems” which operate when connected together, i.e., a condenser unit for external installation plus an evaporator unit for internal installation. These “split-systems” are ductless and utilize a separate evaporator for each area to be air conditioned (e.g., each room).

From the structural point of view, the air conditioning machines of this heading must therefore incorporate, in addition to the motor-driven fan or blower for circulating the air, at least the following elements:

An air heating device (operated by hot water, steam or hot air tubes or by electric resistances, etc.) and an air humidifier (generally consisting of a water spray) or an air de-humidifier;

or A cold water coil or a refrigerator unit evaporator (either of which changes both the temperature and, by condensation, the humidity of the air);

or Some other type of cooling element with a separate device for changing the humidity of the air.

In certain cases, the de-humidifier makes use of the hygroscopic properties of absorbent materials.

This heading covers, inter alia, reversible heat pumps designed, through a single system fitted with a valve for reversal of the cooling/heat cycle, to perform the dual function of heating and cooling premises. In the cooling cycle, the reversing valve directs the flow of hot, high pressure vapour to the outdoor coil where the heat released during condensation is fanned into the outdoor air and then compressed refrigerant flows into an indoor coil where it vaporizes and absorbs heat and cools the air that is driven around the premises by a fan. In the heating cycle, the shifting of the valve for reversal of the cooling/heat cycle causes the refrigerant flow to reverse so that the heat is released inside the premises.

Air conditioning machines may be supplied with their means of heating or cooling from an external source. They are usually fitted with air cleaners consisting of one or more layers of filtering material, often impregnated with oil (textile material, glass wool, steel or copper wool, expanded metal, etc.) through which the air is passed to remove suspended dust, etc. They may also be provided with devices for adjusting or automatically controlling the temperature and humidity of the air.

This heading also covers apparatus which, although not fitted with a device for separately regulating the humidity of the air, change the humidity by condensation. Examples of such apparatus are the above-mentioned self-contained units and split-systems which utilize a separate evaporator for each area to be air conditioned (e.g., each room), and also apparatus for cold stores consisting of a combined cooling evaporator and motorized blower. Also included are units for heating/cooling a closed chamber (lorry, trailer or container), consisting of a compressor, a condenser and a motor in a housing mounted on the outside of the goods compartment and of a ventilator and an evaporator within the container.

However, the heading excludes refrigeration units designed to maintain a fixed temperature well below 0° C in a closed chamber (e.g., lorry, trailer or container), and fitted with a heating system to raise the temperature in the chamber, within certain limits, when the outside temperature is very low. Such equipment is classifiable in heading 84.18 as refrigerating or freezing equipment, the heating function being subsidiary to the equipment’s essential function, which is to keep perishable products cool during transportation.

PARTS

In accordance with the provisions of Note 2 (b) to Section XVI, this heading includes separately presented indoor units and outdoor units for split-system air conditioning machines of this heading.

Other parts for air-conditioning machines, whether or not designed for building into a self-contained unit, are to be classified in accordance with the provisions of Note 2 (a) to Section XVI (headings 84.14, 84.18, 84.19, 84.21, 84.79, etc.) or, if Note 2 (a) is not applicable, in accordance with Note 2 (b) or 2 (c) to Section XVI, depending on whether or not they are identifiable as suitable for use solely or principally with the air-conditioning machines of which they are parts.
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The heading excludes:

(a) Air heaters and hot air distributors of heading 73.22 which can also distribute fresh or conditioned air.

(b) Non- reversible heat pumps of heading 84.18 and chillers for air conditioning machines (heading 84.18).

(c) Apparatus which, althoughincorporating a motor-driven fan, has the sole function of changing either the temperature or humidity of the air (headings 84.79, 85.16, etc.).

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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 8415.10

This subheading covers air conditioning machines of window or wall types, self-contained or “split-system”.

The self-contained type air conditioners are in the form of single units encompassing all the required elements and being self-contained.

The “split-system” type air conditioners are ductless and utilize a separate evaporator for each area to be air conditioned (e.g., each room).

However, this subheading excludes ducted central air conditioning systems which utilize ducts to carry refrigerated air from an evaporator to several areas to be cooled.

Subheading 8415.20

This subheading covers equipment which is intended mainly for passenger motor vehicles of all kinds, but which may also be fitted in other kinds of motor vehicles, for air conditioning the cabs or compartments in which persons are accommodated.

Subheading 8415.90

This subheading includes both indoor and outdoor units for split-system air conditioning machines of subheading 8415.10 when presented separately. The units are designed to be connected by electrical wiring and copper tubing through which refrigerant passes between the indoor and outdoor units.

84.16 Furnace burners for liquid fuel, for pulverised solid fuel or for gas; mechanical stokers, including their mecha­nical grates, mechanical ash dischargers and similar appliances.


This heading covers a range of apparatus for the mechanical or automatic firing and stoking of furnaces of all kinds, and for evacuating the ash and cinders.

(A) FURNACE BURNERS

These project a flame directly into the furnace, and dispense with the need for a grate and for ash removal. They include the following types:

(1) Heavy oil burners (atomisers).
In these the heavy fuel is atomised in the air stream, in some cases by compressed air and in others by high pressure steam or mechanically (the latter types of apparatus usually incorporate a motor, a pump and an air blower).

(2) Pulverised coal burners. These are often of large size. A jet of pulverised coal is forced into the furnace by means of an air blast which also provides the primary air supply. The burners may sometimes incorporate a coal conveyor and a grinding mill. In another type, soft coal is pulverised and injected intermittently by the alternate action of high or low pressure steam.

(3) Gas burners. These include both high pressure types for use with forced draught, and low pressure types for use with atmospheric air. The air and gas is in either case fed through concentric or converging tubes. (4) Combination burners. These provide for the simultaneous combustion of oil, gas and powdered coal, or any two of them.
(B) MECHANICAL STOKERS, MECHANICAL GRATES,
MECHANICAL ASH DISCHARGERS
AND SIMILAR APPLIANCES

These are various mechanical appliances for feeding solid fuels to furnaces, or for forming the fire bed. Mechanical stokers and mechanical grates are frequently combined and also equipped with devices for the automatic removal of the slag and ash after combustion, thus forming a fully automatic installation. In other cases a mechanical or automatic element may be combined with a non-mechanical element.

(1) Mechanical stokers. These are of widely differing types. They usually comprise a coal hopper together with various devices such as Archimedean screws, mechanical shovels, sliding trays, propelling pistons, operated by hand or by power, for regulating the supply of coal and conveying it to the furnace bed. These appliances are often fitted with breakers for reducing the coal supply to uniform size. The heading covers mechanical stokers for central heating (including domestic) boilers. (2) Mechanical grates.

These are appliances of varying design by which the coal is distributed over the fire-bed and moved forward through the furnace to secure even combustion. The most common systems are based on the principle of the caterpillar band, or take the form of oscillating inclined steps. These grates often terminate with appliances for removing the slag and ash. In other systems the slag and ash removal is effected by separate mechanical units; these are also classified in this heading.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here (e.g., burner nozzles, thrust pistons and trays for mechanical stokers; chassis for mechanical grates, link sections and links, guides and rolls for mechanical grates).

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The heading does not cover non-mechanical fire-bars or grates, industrial or other. Fire-boxes consisting of fixed grates in a metal body designed to be fitted as an integral part into certain types of boilers are excluded and are regarded as parts of boilers and fall in heading 84.02. Similarly, certain other types of non-mechanical grates which are identifiable as specialised for particular machines or appliances are classified as parts for such machines and appliances (e.g., for gas generators - heading 84.05). On the other hand, iron fire-bars and grates of general use, for fitting into brickwork, are classified in heading 73.21, 73.22 or 73.26 according to type.


84.17 Industrial or laboratory furnaces and ovens, including incinerators, non-electric.
This heading covers non-electrical industrial or laboratory type furnaces and ovens, designed for the production of heat in chambers at high or fairly high temperatures by the combustion of fuel (either directly in the chamber or in separate combustion chambers). They are used for the heat treatment (e.g., by roasting, fusion, calcination or decomposition) of various kinds of products which may be placed on the fire-bed, in crucibles, in retorts or on shelves. It also includes steam heated ovens.

In certain types (tunnel ovens) the goods to be heat-treated are passed continuously through the oven (e.g., on a conveyor band).

The heading includes:

(1) Ovens and furnaces for roasting ores or pyrites.

(2) Metal-melting furnaces, including cupolas.

(3) Ovens and furnaces for hardening, annealing or similar heat-treatment of metals.

(4) Cementation ovens.

(5) Bakery ovens, including biscuit ovens.

(6) Coke ovens.

(7) Wood carbonisation furnaces.

(8) Rotary cement ovens and kilns and rotary plaster ovens.

(9) Ovens and furnaces used in the glass or ceramic industries, including tunnel ovens.

(10) Enamel baking ovens.

(11) Furnaces specially designed for the melting, sintering or heat processing of fissile materials recovered with a view to recycling, for the separation of irradiated nuclear fuel by pyrometallurgical processes, for burning radioactive graphite or filters, or for firing earthenware or glass containing radioactive slag.

(12) Cremation furnaces.

(13) Incinerators and similar apparatus specially designed for the burning of waste, etc.

The heading excludes furnaces and ovens consisting essentially of refractory or ceramic materials, and also blocks, bricks and similar refractory or ceramic materials for building or lining furnaces and ovens (Chapter 69), while metallic structural material is, in general, classified in Section XV. On the other hand, the heading includes made up linings or other integral and specialised ceramic or refractory parts presented with, and as components of, furnaces or ovens (assembled or not) made mainly of metal.

Many industrial furnaces and ovens incorporate equipment for charging or discharging, for manipulating the doors, covers, hearths or other moving parts, or for tilting the furnace, etc. Such lifting or handling equipment is to be classified with the furnace or oven provided it forms an integral part thereof; otherwise it is to be classified in heading 84.28.

PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here (e.g., oven or furnace doors, dampers, side-shields; observation windows, arches and tuyères for blast furnaces).
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The heading does not cover:

(a) Ovens other than industrial or laboratory types (heading 73.21).

(b) Apparatus of heading 84.19, including oil-cracking plant, autoclaves, steamers and drying plant.

(c) Converters (heading 84.54).


84.18 Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing equipment, electric or other; heat pumps other than air conditioning machines of heading 84.15.

(I)REFRIGERATORS, FREEZERS AND OTHER REFRIGERATING
OR FREEZING EQUIPMENT

The refrigerators and refrigerating equipment of this heading are in the main machines or assemblies of apparatus for the production, in a continuous cycle of operations, of low temperatures (in the region of 0 °C or less) at the active cooling element, by the absorption of the latent heat of evaporation of liquefied gases (e.g., ammonia, halogenated hydrocarbons), of volatile liquids or, in the case of certain marine types, of water.

The heading therefore excludes:

(a) Freezing-salt type freezers (heading 82.10 or 84.19).

(b) Water-flow coolers of the simple heat-exchange type (see the Explanatory Note to heading 84.19).

(c) Ice-chests, insulatedcabinets, etc., not designed for fitting with refrigerating units (generally heading 94.03).

The refrigerators of this heading are of two main types:

(A) COMPRESSION TYPE REFRIGERATORS
Their essential elements are:

(1) The compressor which receives expanded gas from the evaporator and delivers it under pressure to

(2) The condenser or liquefier where the gas is cooled and liquefied, and

(3) The evaporator, the active cooling element, consisting of a tubular system in which the condensed refrigerant, released through an expansion valve, evaporates rapidly with the absorption of heat from the surrounding air or, in the case of large cooling installations, from brine or a solution of calcium chloride kept in circulation around the evaporator coils.

In the marine type there is no compressor and condenser in the refrigerant (water or brine) circuit, but the evaporation is induced by a vacuum produced by an ejector pump working with a steam condenser. The latter condenses and disposes of the vapours produced, which are not returned to the system.

(B) ABSORPTIONTYPE REFRIGERATORS

In these the compressor is replaced by a “generator” in which a strong aqueous solution of ammonia is heated (by gas, oil or electric element), the gas being driven off and accumulating under pressure in the condenser. The cycle of condensation followed by expansion and cooling in the evaporator continues as in the compressor type, the expanded gas being re-dissolved in the weakened solution, either in a separate absorber which feeds the generator by simple pressure effect or through a pump, or in the generator itself which, in certain types, functions as the absorber on cooling during periods when the heat is withdrawn.

In certain dry types the ammonia gas is absorbed by a solid (e.g., calcium chloride or silica-gel) instead of being in solution.
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Apparatus of the foregoing kinds are classified in this heading if in the following forms:

(1) Units comprising a compressor (with or without motor) and condenser mounted on a common base, whether or not complete with evaporator; or self-contained absorption units. (These units are commonly fitted into domestic-type refrigerators or other refrigerating cabinets.) Certain compression type machines, known as “liquid-cooling units”, combine on a common base (with or without condensers), compressors and a heat exchanger containing an evaporator and tubing carrying the liquid to be cooled. These latter machines include those known as “chillers”, which are used in air conditioning systems.

(2) Cabinets or other furniture or appliances incorporating a complete refrigerating unit or an evaporator of a refrigerating unit, whether or not equipped with ancillary devices such as agitators, mixers, moulds. These appliances include domestic refrigerators, refrigerated show cases and counters, ice-cream or frozen food storage containers, refrigerated water or beverage fountains, milk cooling vats, beer coolers, ice-cream makers, etc.

(3) Refrigerating installations of larger type consisting of components which are not mounted on a common base or as self-contained units but are designed to operate together, either by direct expansion (an evaporator then being incorporated in the “cold-using” appliance), or by means of a refrigerating medium (brine) which is cooled by a refrigerating unit and piped into the “cold-using” appliances (indirect cooling). Such installations are used, for example, in cold storage plants and for manufacturing operations (manufacture of block ice, quick-freezing of food products, rapid chilling in chocolate manufacture, separating paraffin wax in petroleum refining, in chemical industries, etc.). Ancillary apparatus essential to the application of the low temperature produced in such installations are classified in this heading provided they are presented together with the other components of these installations. Such apparatus include, for example, sectional or tunnel-type quick freezers, cold tables for confectionery or chocolate, etc.
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This heading also includes refrigerating equipment operating by vaporisation of liquefied gas in an enclosed space and consisting generally of one or more liquefied-gas tanks, a thermostat, an electro-magnetic valve, a control box and electric switches and a perforated spreader tube. These components are classified here if presented together.

(II) HEAT PUMPS

A heat pump is a device which draws heat from a suitable heat source (principally underground or surface water, the soil or the air) and converts it with the assistance of a supplementary energy source (e.g., gas or electricity) into a source of more intense heat.

A heat-transfer fluid is generally used to transfer the heat from the source to the heat pump and from the heat pump to the medium to be treated.
There are two types of heat pumps: the compression type and the absorption type.

Compression heat pumps consist essentially of the following elements:

(1) an evaporator which extracts energy from the environment and transmits it to the heat-transfer fluid;

(2) a compressor which, by mechanical means, draws off the vaporised fluid from the evaporator and transfers it at increased pressure to the condenser;

(3) a condenser, which is a heat exchanger in which the vapour liquefies, giving up heat to the medium to be treated;

In absorption heat pumps, the compressor is replaced by a boiler containing water and a refrigerant and incorporating a burner.

Heat pumps are usually designated by the association of two factors, the first being the initial source of the heat and the second the medium whose temperature is to be modified. Among the principal types of apparatus are:

(i) Air/water or air/air heat pumps, which draw ambient heat from the atmosphere and restore it in the form of warm water or warm air.

(ii) Water/water or water/air heat pumps, which obtain heat from an underground source or from a mass of surface water.

(iii) Earth/water or earth/air heat pumps: in these, heat is obtained by means of a system of tubes buried in the earth.

Heat pumps may be presented as a single item of apparatus, the various elements of the circuit forming a unit. Such a unit is referred to as a monobloc type. They may also be presented as several separate items. Certain heat pumps may be presented without an evaporator when they are intended for installation in plant already containing one. They are, in such cases, to be considered as incomplete articles having the essential character of the complete articles and remain classified here.

Heat pumps are used essentially to heat buildings or provide domestic hot water. Non-reversible heat pumps are generally used for these purposes.

However, the heading excludes reversible heat pumps comprising a motor-driven fan and elements for changing both the temperature and the humidity. These are regarded as air conditioning machines of heading 84.15.

PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading, whether for domestic or industrial uses, are also classified here, e.g., condensers, absorbers, evaporators, generators, cabinets, counters and other refrigerating furniture, of the kind referred to in paragraph (2) above, not yet fitted with a complete refrigerating unit or with an evaporator but clearly designed to receive such equipment.

Compressors fall to be classified as such in heading 84.14, even when specially designed for use in refrigerators. Non-specialised parts (e.g., tubes and tanks) are classified in their own appropriate headings.

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This heading also excludes:

(a) Air conditioning machines incorporating a refrigerator unit or a refrigerator unit evaporator (heading 84.15).

(b) Gas liquefaction apparatus (e.g., Linde apparatus) (heading 84.19).


84.19 Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment, whether or not electrically heated (excluding furnaces, ovens and other equipment of heading 85.14), for the treatment of materials by a process involving a change of temperature such as heating, cooking, roasting, distilling, rectifying, sterilising, pasteurising, steaming, drying, evaporating, vaporising, condensing or cooling, other than machinery or plant of a kind used for domestic purposes; instantaneous or storage water heaters, non-electric.
It should be noted that this heading does not include:

(a) Domestic stoves, grates, cookers, etc., of heading 73.21.

(b) Air heaters and hot air distributors, not electrically heated of heading 73.22.

(c) Domestic cooking or heating apparatus of heading 74.18.


(d) Apparatus for fractional distillation (for example, in the production of heavy water) and for rectification, specially designed for isotopic separation, and isotopic exchange apparatus employing the “dual-temperature” method (heading 84.01).

(e) Steam generating boilers and super-heated water boilers (heading 84.02) and auxiliary plant therefor (heading 84.04).

(f) Central heating boilers of heading 84.03.

(g) Industrial or laboratory furnaces and ovens, including those for the separation of irradiated nuclear fuel by pyrometallurgical processes and microwave ovens (heading 84.17 or 85.14, as the case may be).

(h) Refrigerating machinery and heat pumps of heading 84.18.

(ij) Germination plant, incubators or brooders (heading 84.36).

(k) Grain dampening machines (heading 84.37).

(l) Diffusing apparatus for sugar juice extraction (heading 84.38).

(m) Machinery for the heat-treatment of textile yarns, fabrics or made up textile articles (e.g., yarn conditioners and singeing machines) (heading 84.51).

(n) Chemical vapour deposition apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices (heading 84.86).

(o) Industrial or laboratory equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss including microwave equipment (heading 85.14).

(p) Microwave ovens for industrial or commercial use, of the type used in restaurants or similar establishments (heading 85.14).

(q) Immersion heaters, not permanently incorporated for heating liquids, semi-fluid (other than solid) substances or gases, as well as immersion heaters permanently incorporated in a vat and designed for water heating only (heading 85.16).

(r) Electric soil heating apparatus, electric space heating apparatus, and electro-thermic domestic appliances of heading 85.16.

With these exceptions, the heading covers machinery and plant designed to submit materials (solid, liquid or gaseous) to a heating or cooling process in order to cause a simple change of temperature, or to cause a transformation of the materials resulting principally from the temperature change (e.g., heating, cooking, roasting, distilling, rectifying, sterilising, pasteurising, steaming, drying, evaporating, vaporising, condensing or cooling processes). But the heading excludes machinery and plant in which the heating or cooling, even if essential, is merely a secondary function designed to facilitate the main mechanical function of the machine or plant, e.g., machines for coating biscuits, etc., with chocolate, and conches (heading 84.38), washing machines (heading 84.50 or 84.51), machines for spreading and tamping bituminous road-surfacing materials (heading 84.79).

The machinery and plant classified in this heading may or may not incorporate mechanical equipment.

They may be heated by any system (coal, oil, gas, steam, electricity, etc.), except in the case of instantaneous water heaters and storage water heaters which are classified in heading 85.16 when heated electrically.

The heading covers only non-domestic equipment, except for the instantaneous or storage water heaters referred to later in this Explanatory Note.

The heading includes a very wide range of machinery and plant of the types described below.

(I) HEATING OR COOLING PLANT AND MACHINERY

This group covers plant of general use in many industries for the simple treatment of materials by heating, boiling, cooking, concentration, evaporation, vaporisation, cooling, etc. They include:

(A) Vessels, vats, etc., of various kinds for heating or cooling: Such vessels, whether of the single or double-walled type, are frequently constructed for working under high pressure (e.g., autoclaves), or at reduced pressures for special purposes, particularly in the chemical and allied industries. (B) Heat exchange units in which a hot fluid (hot gas, steam or hot liquid) and a cold fluid are made to traverse parallel paths, but usually in opposite directions, separated by thin metal walls in such a manner that the one fluid is cooled and the other heated. These units are usually of the three following types, viz., in the form of: or (iii) Two parallel series of interconnected narrow chambers formed of baffle plates.

As stated in the first paragraph of this Explanatory Note (exclusion (e)), the heading does not include auxiliary plant for steam generating boilers (heading 84.04) much of which (e.g., steam condensers, air pre-heaters and economisers) are of the general type of heat exchange unit mentioned above.

The following are examples of machinery and plant which, subject to the provisions referred to above, are covered by Part (I) of this Explanatory Note:

(1) Freezing-salt type freezers (other than those of heading 82.10).

(2) Condensers for nitrogen or other gases.

(3) Pasteurising, concentrating, cooling, etc., plant for milk (including storage vats with cooling equipment).

(4) Processing and maturing vats for the cheese industry.

(5) Plant for concentrating, cooling, etc., fruit juices, wines, etc.

(6) Plant for use in agriculture (e.g., autoclaves for cooking potatoes, etc., as fodder; hot water baths for re-melting honeycombs, including those with pressing screws).

(7) Cooling columns (e.g., for the bread grain milling industry).

(8) Autoclaves and steaming, boiling, cooking, frying, etc., plant for cooking, preparing or preserving food (e.g., cooking chests for ham; fish friers; cookers, blanching autoclaves, etc., for fruit, vegetables, etc.; autoclaves and coolers for the canning or preserving industry; jam boilers; confectionery boilers).

(9) Macerating vessels and mashing vats with heating equipment; vessels for the decoction of hops; beer pasteurisers, coolers, etc.

(10) Defecation vessels, juice concentration plant, vacuum boiling pans, carbonation, sulphiting or refining vats, etc., for use in the sugar industry.

Diffusing apparatus (diffusor vessel and “ calorisator ” presented together), for extracting the juice from sugar beet, are excluded (see Part (V) (B) (3) of Explanatory Note to heading 84.38); “ calorisators ” presented separately are, however, classified in this heading.

(11) Autoclaves for melting tallow or for saponifying fats; margarine solidifying tanks, incorporating a cooled rotating cylinder on to which the margarine solidifies.

(12) Vats, vessels, autoclaves, etc., for the chemical preparation of wood pulp or for the hydrolysis of wood.

(13) Vats, etc., for the preparation of dyes.

(14) Autoclaves for vulcanising rubber.

(15) Vats, etc., for pickling or de-greasing metals.

(16) Immersion coils consisting of an assembly of plastic tubes, placed in parallel or braided, and sealed at each end into a honeycomb structure to which a connector is attached. When immersed in a bath, these devices will keep it at a constant temperature, or heat or cool it, by means of a fluid or steam circulating in the tubes.

(17) Specialised heating or cooking apparatus which are not normally used in the household (e.g., counter-type coffee percolators, tea or milk urns, steam kettles, etc., used in restaurants, canteens, etc.; steam-heated cookers, hot-plates, warming cupboards, drying cabinets, etc.; deep-fat friers).

(18) Automatic hot or cold beverage-dispensing machines without a device to accept payment.

The apparatus described above is essentially used industrially, but the heading also covers non-electric instantaneous water heaters and storage water heaters, including solar water heaters, domestic or not. If electrically heated, such appliances are excluded (heading 85.16).

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It is to be noted that this heading excludes domestic steamers, pressure cookers and certain percolators, of base metal (Section XV).

(II) DISTILLING OR RECTIFYING PLANT

With the exception of distillation apparatus of ceramics (heading 69.09) or of glass (heading 70.17 or 70.20), this group comprises all plant designed for distilling substances (whether liquid or solid).

(A) Simple distillation plant.

This consists essentially of a retort or still body in which the liquid to be distilled is vaporised, a cooling device for condensing the vapours issuing from the retort and a receptacle(s) in which the distillate(s) is collected. They may be arranged for intermittent use (e.g., simple batch stills heated directly or by internal steam coils), or for continuous use, in which case the still body is fed continuously with liquid and is usually heated by steam tubes or coils. Continuous stills may be connected in series, the first being heated directly or with steam while the others are fed by the distillate and heated by the distillation vapours from the preceding still.

(B) Fractionating or rectifying plant.

These are more complicated continuous installations incorporating vertical fractionating columns which enable complex mixtures to be separated in one operation. The most usual type of column is divided into interconnecting sections by plates fitted with bubbling caps and down-flow tubes. Vapour rising from one section is thus brought into intimate contact with a condensed portion of the vapour in the section above and, since the temperature decreases as the vapours rise in the column, they can be separated at different levels corresponding to their boiling points.

Plant for distilling solids (coal, lignite, wood, etc.) work on the same principle, but the products are heated in furnaces classified in heading 84.17. This heading covers only the condensing or rectifying plant used for separating the volatile products evolved in the furnace.

The essential parts of distilling, etc., plants are usually made of metal (e.g., stainless steel, copper or nickel), but they may be lined with glass or refractory material. Plant for distillation at reduced or increased pressure may be fitted with vacuum pumps or compressors.

Batch stills are mainly used for the preparation of essential oils, liqueurs, etc. Continuous distillation plant (simple or fractional) is used in many industries (e.g., for the distillation of industrial alcohols, fatty acids, liquid air, synthetic motor-fuels or chemical products; in crude petroleum refining; for the distillation of wood, coal, shale, lignite, coal tar).

Also included in this group are separators for irradiated fuels or for processing effluents, operating by fractional distillation.

(III) EVAPORATING OR DRYING PLANT

This plant is constructed in various designs (sometimes for operation in vacuo), to suit different types of materials and their sensitivity to heat. It may be heated directly or indirectly. The heading applies, however, only to plant evaporating or drying at a relatively low temperature, and is not to be confused with the industrial furnaces or ovens of heading 84.17 in which much higher temperatures are developed.

The most common forms of the industrial appliances of this heading are:

(A) Evaporators. These usually take the form of vessels, providing a large surface heated directly or indirectly by steam coils, and often equipped with an evacuator for removing the vapours produced. They may be single or multiple-effect, the latter being similar in operation and construction to multiple-effect stills but without provision for the recuperation of the condensed vapour.

(B) Laboratory lyophilisation apparatus and freeze drying units. These are used for the stabilising and preservation by dehydration of biological specimens such as antitoxins, bacteria, viruses, plasma and serums. The specimens are frozen, and then allowed to reheat gently under very low pressure when the ice sublimes leaving the dehydrated product.

(C) Tunnel dryers. These consist of large chambers generally provided with conveyor equipment on which the products are conveyed through the chambers at a suitable speed against a current of hot air. They are used, inter alia, in pottery; in glass-making; in the food industry (including plant incorporating provision for smoking fish, meat, etc.); for drying wood, hay, etc.

(D) Rotary dryers. These consist of revolving cylinders or drums which may be heated internally or externally. They are used in various industries (paper-making, preparation of potato flakes, etc.).

(E) Plate dryers. These consist of metal chambers fitted with a number of horizontal slotted plates or shelves, sometimes internally heated. A central revolving shaft fitted with grids spreads the material over the hot plates and directs it downwards through the slots to each succeeding plate. This type of plant is used for treating malted barley.

(F) Spray dryers. These function as evaporators, and consist of metal chambers fitted internally with a horizontal disc revolving at high speed. They incorporate a heater and fan to provide a current of hot air through which the liquid material is dispersed centrifugally as a fine spray by the revolving disc; the liquid is thus dried instantaneously in powder form. In another type the liquid is injected into the chamber as a fine spray against a counter-current of hot air. This type is used particularly for the preparation of powdered milk.

This group also includes machinery and apparatus for the evaporation of fissile solutions or radioactive solutions or for drying fissile or radioactive products.

The heading does not, however, include:

(a) Centrifuges for drying radioactive precipitates (heading 84.21).

(b) Machinery for drying bottles or other containers (heading 84.22).

(c) Machinery specialised for the drying of textile yarns, fabrics or made up textile articles (heading 84.51).

(IV) ROASTING PLANT

This frequently consists of revolving cylindrical or spherical receptacles in which the products to be treated (e.g., coffee beans, cocoa beans, cereals or nuts) are subjected to controlled heat by contact with the heated walls of the containers, or by a direct stream of air forced through the heating medium (e.g., gas or oil burners or coke fires). These appliances usually incorporate devices which keep the products in constant rotation to ensure uniform treatment and to prevent charring. Other types take the form of perforated, inclined or rotating shelves in a chamber fed with heated gases.

The goods of this heading should not be confused with the industrial or laboratory furnaces and ovens of heading 84.17.

(V) STEAMING PLANT

This may be in the form of closed vessels (of the general type described earlier in this Explanatory Note) in which materials of various kinds may be subjected to humid heat (e.g., by steaming under pressure, or by the action of the vapours given off by the products themselves).

Such plant is used in various manufacturing operations (e.g., in the preparation of vegetable or animal extracts; in the food industry generally; in operations involving the use of steam for de-greasing or cleansing processes). Other types consist of larger chambers for subjecting material to more or less prolonged action of an atmosphere of steam; these are used, for example, for conditioning textile fibres in the mass, for steam-treatment of wood, etc.

The heading excludes machines for conditioning textile yarns or fabrics or for other steam-treatment of such textiles (heading 84.51).

(VI) STERILISING APPARATUS

These consist essentially of receptacles or chambers, heated usually by steam or boiling water (or sometimes by hot air), in which the articles or materials to be sterilised are maintained for a period at a sufficiently high temperature to kill bacteria, etc., without alteration of the composition or physical condition of the articles or materials themselves.

Many sterilisers for liquids resemble the apparatus described in Part (I) above (e.g., pasteurisers). Some large types of sterilisers may be equipped with a conveyor on which the goods are carried through the heating medium and, if necessary, subsequently through a cooling apparatus which may also form part of the plant.

The group includes not only sterilisers for industrial use (e.g., for milk, wine, fruit juices, cotton wool) but also those for installation in operating theatres, etc.

(VII) MACHINERY FOR LIQUEFYING AIR;
SPECIAL LABORATORY APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

The heading includes machines of the Linde or Claude type used for the liquefaction of air.

The heading further includes specially designed laboratory apparatus and equipment, generally small in size (autoclaves, distilling, sterilising or steaming apparatus, dryers, etc.), but it excludes demonstrational apparatus of heading 90.23, and measuring, checking, etc., apparatus more specifically covered by Chapter 90.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading covers parts of the above. Such parts include certain elements of distillation apparatus or rectifying columns, such as retorts, bubble caps and rings, plates and certain tube elements; revolving plates and drums, etc., for roasters or dryers.

Metal tubes and pipes which have been bent or curved but not otherwise worked, presented unassembled, are not identifiable as parts of goods of this heading and are therefore to be classified in Section XV.


84.20 Calendering or other rolling machines, other than for metals or glass, and cylinders therefor.
With the exception of metal-rolling or metal-working machines of heading 84.55, 84.62 or 84.63 and of glass-working machines of heading 84.75, this heading covers calendering or other rolling machines, whether specialised to a particular industry or not.

These machines consist essentially of two or more parallel cylinders or rollers revolving with their surfaces in more or less close contact so as to perform the following operations, either by pressure of the cylinders alone or by pressure combined with friction, heat or moisture:

(1) The rolling into sheet form of material (including bakery, confectionery, biscuit, etc., doughs, chocolate, rubber, etc.) fed to the rollers in a plastic condition.

(2) The production of certain effects on the surface of sheet materials (other than metal or glass) passed between the rollers, e.g., smoothing (including ironing), lustring, glazing, polishing, embossing or graining.

(3) The application of dressings or surface coatings.

(4) The bonding of fabrics.

Machines of this kind are employed in various industries (e.g., the paper, textile, leather, linoleum, plastics or rubber manufacturing industries).

In certain industries particular names are given to calendering machines (e.g., ironing machines in laundries, finishing mangles for the textile industry, or supercalenders for the paper industry), but they are classified in this heading whether called calendering machines or not.

Calendering machines frequently constitute subsidiary units of other machines (e.g., paper-making machines). When the calendering machines are presented together with these other machines, classification is governed by Notes 3 and 4 to Section XVI.

On the other hand, calendering machines which merely incorporate auxiliary appliances, such as impregnating baths or rollers, winding or cutting devices, remain in this heading.

The heading also covers smoothing or ironing machines of the calender type, whether or not for domestic use.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are also classified here. These include cylinders clearly identifiable as for use with calendering or rolling machines of this heading. These cylinders may be made of metal, wood or other suitable material (e.g., compressed paper). They may be of various lengths and diameters, may be solid or hollow and, depending on the particular purpose for which they are required, their surface may be polished, corrugated, grained, or may bear engraved patterns. They may also be covered with other materials (e.g., leather, textile fabric or rubber). Metal cylinders are usually so designed that they can be heated internally by means of steam, gas, etc. Sets of cylinders for a particular calendering machine may comprise cylinders of different composition.

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This heading does not include machines which, though somewhat similar to calendering or rolling machines, do not fulfil the purposes described above, for example:

(a) Cylinder drying machines for textiles, paper, etc. (heading 84.19 or 84.51).

(b) Wine or cider presses, etc. (heading 84.35).

(c) Roller crushing or grinding machines (heading 84.36, 84.74 or 84.79).

(d) Cylinder machines for flour milling (heading 84.37).

(e) Laundry wringing machines (heading 84.51).

(f) Rolling mills (heading 84.55).

(g) Sheet-metal flattening machines (heading 84.62) and sheet-metal embossing machines (heading 84.63).

(h) Machines for making plate or other flat glass by rolling, and calenders for working glass (heading 84.75).

84.21 Centrifuges, including centrifugal dryers; filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for liquids or gases.
This heading covers:

(I) Machines which, by the use of centrifugal force, completely or partly separate substances according to their different specific gravities, or which remove the moisture from wet substances.

(II) Filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for liquids or gases, other than, e.g., filter funnels, milk strainers, strainers for filtering paints (generally Chapter 73).
(I) CENTRIFUGES, INCLUDING CENTRIFUGAL DRYERS

Most of these machines consist essentially of a perforated plate, drum, basket or bowl, etc., revolving at great speed in a stationary collector, usually cylindrical, against the walls of which the expelled materials are projected by centrifugal force. In some types the substances of different specific gravities are collected at different levels by means of a series of inverted separator cones. In other types the solid ingredients are retained in the perforated revolving drum, basket, etc., and the liquid ingredients expelled. Machines of this latter type may also be used to force liquids to penetrate thoroughly into materials (e.g., in dyeing or cleaning).

The heading includes:

(1) Centrifugal driers for laundries, dyeworks, pulp mills, flour mills, etc.

(2) Sugar refining centrifuges.

(3) Cream separators and centrifugal clarifiers for milk.

(4) Centrifuges for clarifying oils, wines, spirits, etc.

(5) Centrifuges for dehydrating or de-waxing petroleum products.

(6) Centrifuges for dehydrating wines, tallow, starches, etc.

(7) Nitrating centrifuges for gun-cotton manufacture.

(8) Separators for yeast cultures.

(9) Centrifuges for the chemical industry (e.g., high-speed extractors for antibiotics).

(10) Centrifuges, mainly used in laboratories, in which liquids are separated in superimposed layers ready for decantation.

(11) Centrifuges for separating the plasma from blood.

(12) Centrifuges for drying radioactive precipitates.

(13) Centrifuges for extracting honey.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of centrifuges are also classified here (e.g., plates, drums, baskets, bowls and collectors).

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The heading excludes certain other types of machines operating on the centrifugal principle, e.g.:

(a) Special centrifuges, called “gas” centrifuges, for the separation of uranium isotopes (heading 84.01).

(b) Centrifugal pumps for liquids (heading 84.13).

(c) Centrifugal air pumps and blowers (heading 84.14).

(d) Centrifugal bolting (or sifting) machines for the milling industry (heading 84.37).

(e) Centrifugal casting machines for metal (e.g., for cast iron tubes) (heading 84.54), or for unhardened cements (e.g., for casting concrete tubes) (heading 84.74).

(f) Centrifugal grinding machines (heading 84.74).

(g) Centrifugal spin dryers for semiconductor wafer manufacturing (heading 84.86).

(II) FILTERING OR PURIFYING MACHINERY AND APPARATUS,
FOR LIQUIDS OR GASES

Much of the filtration or purification plant of this heading is purely static equipment with no moving parts. The heading covers filters and purifiers of all types (physical or mechanical, chemical, magnetic, electro-magnetic, electrostatic, etc.). The heading covers not only large industrial plant, but also filters for internal combustion engines and small domestic appliances. The heading does not, however, include filter funnels, milk strainers, vessels, tanks, etc., simply equipped with metallic gauze or other straining material, nor general purpose vessels, tanks, etc., even if intended for use as filters after insertion of a layer of gravel, sand, charcoal, etc.



In general, filtering machinery and plant of this heading is of two distinct types according to whether it is intended for liquids or gases.

(A) Filtering and purifying machinery, etc., for liquids, including water softeners.

The liquid filters of this group separate solid, fatty, colloidal, etc., particles from a liquid, for example, by passing it through a sheet, membrane or mass of porous material (e.g., cloth, felt, wire-cloth, skin, stoneware, porcelain, kieselguhr, sintered metallic powders, asbestos, paper pulp, cellulose, charcoal, animal black, sand). In the treatment of drinking water, some of these materials (e.g., porcelain and charcoal) remove bacteria, etc., in the process of filtration; filters using these materials are therefore sometimes called “water purifiers”. Filters are also used to eliminate liquids from materials in the form of a slurry (e.g., from ceramic materials or ore concentrates). The heading covers liquid filters whether of the gravity, suction (or vacuum) or pressure types.

It includes, inter alia: The heading also covers dialysers, special type filters consisting essentially of a semi-permeable membrane through which liquids can pass by diffusion and thus be separated from colloidal particles.

(B) Filtering or purifying machinery, etc., for gases

These gas filters and purifiers are used to separate solid or liquid particles from gases, either to recover products of value (e.g., coal dust, metallic particles, etc., recovered from furnace flue gases), or to eliminate harmful materials (e.g., dust extraction, removal of tar, etc., from gases or smoke fumes, removal of oil from steam engine vapours).
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This group also includes the following machinery employed in the nuclear industry : air filters specially designed to eliminate radioactive dust (physical or electrostatic types); active-charcoal purifiers for retaining radioactive iodine; ion-exchange apparatus for the separation of radioactive elements, including such apparatus operating by electrodialysis; separators for irradiated fuels or for processing effluents, whether operating by ion-exchange or operating chemically (by means of solvents, precipitation, etc.).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading covers parts for the above-mentioned types of filters and purifiers. Such parts include, inter alia:

Leaves for intermittent vacuum filters; chassis, frames and plates for filter presses; rotary drums for liquid or gas filters; baffles and perforated plates, for gas filters.

It should be noted, however, that filter blocks of paper pulp fall in heading 48.12 and that many other filtering elements (ceramics, textiles, felts, etc.) are classified according to their constituent material.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Gas diffusion apparatus for the separation of uranium isotopes (heading 84.01).

(b) Air conditioning machines of heading 84.15 or air de-humidifiers of heading 84.79.

(c) Wine-presses, cider-presses, etc. (heading 84.35).

(d) Artificial kidney (dialysis) apparatus (heading 90.18).

84.22 Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other containers; machinery for filling, closing, sealing or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers; machinery for capsuling bottles, jars, tubes and similar containers; other packing or wrapping machinery (including heat-shrink wrapping machinery); machinery for aerating beverages.


This heading covers dish washing machines (for plates, glasses, spoons, forks, etc.), whether or not incorporating provision for drying, including electrically-operated types, whether or not domestic. The heading also covers machines of different types designed for cleaning or drying bottles or other containers, for filling or closing such containers (including machines for aerating beverages) and, generally, for packing (including heat-shrink wrapping) goods for sale, transport or storage. These include:

(1) Machines (whether or not steam-operated) for cleaning, washing, rinsing or drying bottles, jars, cans, boxes, casks, milk churns, cream separator bowls or other containers. These machines sometimes incorporate provision for disinfection or sterilisation.

(2) Machines for filling containers (e.g., casks, barrels, cans, bottles, jars, tubes, ampoules, boxes, packets or bags), frequently equipped with subsidiary automatic volume or weight control and with devices for closing the containers.

(3) Bottle or jar closing, corking or capping machines; can closers and sealers (including those closing by soldering).

(4) Wrapping or cartoning machines, including those with provision for forming, printing, tying, stapling, taping, glueing, closing or otherwise finishing the packing. The heading includes machines for packing filled cans or bottles into external containers (crates, boxes, etc.).

(5) Labelling machines, including those which also print, cut and gum the labels.

(6) Machines for aerating beverages. These are, in effect, bottle filling and closing machines with provision for supplying carbon dioxide gas simultaneously with the liquid.

(7) Baling or banding machines, including hand-operated portable appliances, provided with plates or similar devices enabling them to be rested, while in use, on the bales, cases or other packages to be strapped.

Machines of this heading frequently perform several of the foregoing functions. They may also incorporate provision for filling or sealing in vacuo or under other controlled atmospheric conditions.

Machines which in addition to packing, wrapping, etc., also perform other operations remain classified in the heading provided the additional operations are incidental to the packing, etc. Thus machines which pack or wrap goods into the forms or presentations in which they are normally distributed and sold in commerce, are classified in this heading, whether or not the machines also contain devices for weighing or measuring. Similarly the heading includes machines incorporating devices which, as a secondary function, cut, mould or press previously prepared products into purely presentational forms without affecting their essential character (e.g., machines for moulding butter or margarine into blocks, etc., and wrapping them). The heading does not, however, cover machines whose primary function is not to pack, wrap, etc., but to manufacture raw or semi-finished materials into finished products (e.g., combined cigarette making and packaging machines).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the above-mentioned machinery. It should be noted, however, that in the case of composite machines, parts of any component machine which would not on its own fall in this heading, are classified in their own appropriate headings, e.g., parts of weighing machines (heading 84.23), of carton or paper bag making machines (heading 84.41) or of printing machines (heading 84.43).
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The heading excludes:

(a) Domestic type bottling or canning machines and other domestic mechanical appliances weighing 10 kg or less (heading 82.10).

(b) Straw or fodder balers (heading 84.33).

(c) Paper bag or carton making machines (heading 84.41).

(d) Sewing machines for sewing up sacks, etc., after filling (heading 84.52).

(e) Presses for compressing scrap metal into bales, etc. (heading 84.62).

(f) Case nailing machines (heading 84.65).

(g) Machines for inserting letters in envelopes, or for wrapping them with paper bands (heading 84.72).

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 8422.11

This subheading covers dish washing machines, whether or not electrically operated, of the household type, irrespective of their intended use. The external dimensions of such machines to be stood on the floor are of the following order:

width: up to 65 cm

height: up to 95 cm

depth: up to 70 cm

The dimensions of machines and appliances to be stood on a table or counter are appreciably smaller.


84.23 Weighing machinery (excluding balances of a sensitivity of 5 cg or better), including weight operated counting or checking machines; weighing machine weights of all kinds.
With the exception of balances of a sensitivity of 5 cg or better (heading 90.16), this heading covers:

(A) Machinery and appliances for the direct determination of the weight of objects, whether electronically (by means of transducers), by balancing the object against exchangeable weights, by manipulation of movable (cursor) weights on a calibrated beam (steelyard or other), or by automatic recording on a scale or indicator in machines operating by means of springs, levers or counterweights, or hydraulically, etc.

(B) Appliances working on a weight determination principle but recording automatically in other units (e.g., volume, number, price or length) having a direct relation to weight.

(C) Predetermined weight machines for checking the uniformity of, or indicating defects in, products by reference to weight, or for dispensing fixed weights of goods ready for packing.

The numerous types of machines falling in the heading include the following:

(1) Spring balances.

(2) Household or shop scales.

(3) Letter or parcel scales.

(4) Personal weighing machines (coin operated or not), including baby scales.

(5) Portable or mobile platform type scales.

(6) Weighbridges (hydraulic or other) and other weighing platforms.

(7) Scales for weighing goods on conveyor bands, overhead conveyors, etc.

(8) Weight operated counting scales.

(9) Constant weight scales such as check scales (indicating excess or deficiency over standard weight) and continuous weighers for checking the uniformity of textile or other materials.

(10) Hopper scales, for automatically weighing materials discharged from hoppers, including those weighing ingredients from several hoppers in compounding a mixture.

(11) Scales for discharging a predetermined weight of material into a bag or container, but not including such machines which also pack or wrap the goods in the forms or presentations in which they are normally distributed and sold in commerce.

(12) Automatic balances for weighing a continuous flow of liquid.

(13) Apparatus fully automatic, which weighs and labels prepacked goods, comprising a weighing, machine, a calculator and a printer with built-in package totaliser and label ejector.

These various weighing machines may incorporate provision for automatically printing weight tickets, for recording and totalling a series of weighing operations, for projecting or magnifying the reading, etc.

The heading also covers weights of all kinds and of any material, whether or not in sets or cases, for any type of weighing machine, including separately presented weights for precision machines of heading 90.16; weights presented with such precision machines are, however, classified therewith. Cursor weights (including those of platinum) are also covered by this heading.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading includes parts for the weighing machines of this heading. Such parts include:

Scale beams, calibrated or not; scale pans and platforms; base-plates, supports and casings; knife-edges, pivots and pivot bearings (except those wholly of agate or other precious or semi-precious stones (heading 71.16); hydraulic dash-pots (oscillation dampers); weight indicator dials.
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The heading does not cover:

(a) Hydrostatic (or specific gravity) balances (heading 90.16).

(b) Machines for balancing mechanical parts (heading 90.31).

(c) Instruments such as dynamometers of a kind primarily designed for measuring tractive, compressive forces, etc., and not for weighing goods, persons, animals, etc. (heading 90.24 or 90.31).

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 8423.20

The scales for continuous weighing of goods on conveyors of this subheading, which may be either of the totaliser or integrating kind, measure and record the weight of materials as they go past in buckets, on chains or the like.


84.24 Mechanical appliances (whether or not hand-operated) for projecting, dispersing or spraying liquids or powders; fire extinguishers, whether or not charged; spray guns and similar appliances; steam or sand blasting machines and similar jet projecting machines.
This heading covers machines and appliances for projecting, dispersing or spraying steam, liquids or solid materials (e.g., sand, powders, granules, grit or metallic abrasives) in the form of a jet, a dispersion (whether or not in drips) or a spray.

This heading, however, does not include water-jet or water-abrasive jet cutting machines which are designed for precise cutting of a variety of materials (e.g., stone, composites, rubber, glass, metal). These machines typically operate under pressures of 3,000 to 4,000 bars with a stream of water or water mixed with fine abrasives, at a velocity of 2 to 3 times the speed of sound (heading 84.56).

(A) FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, WHETHER OR NOT CHARGED

This group covers extinguishers, filled or not, of the kind which use foam-producing or other charges, including simple extinguishers fitted with taps, valves, percussion caps or other opening devices.

The heading does not include:

(a) Fire extinguishing grenades and charges for fire extinguishers (heading 38.13).

(b) Fire fighting pumps with or without internal reservoirs, heading 84.13 (non-automobile types) or heading 87.05 (automobile types).

(B) SPRAY GUNS AND SIMILAR APPLIANCES

Spray guns and similar hand controlled appliances are usually designed for attaching to compressed air or steam lines, and are also connected, either directly or through a conduit, with a reservoir of the material to be projected. They are fitted with triggers or other valves for controlling the flow through the nozzle, which is usually adjustable to give a jet or more or less divergent spray. They are used for spraying paint or distemper, varnishes, oils, plastics, cement, metallic powders, textile dust, etc.. They may also be used for projecting a powerful jet of compressed air or steam for cleaning stonework in buildings, statuary, etc.

The group also includes separately presented hand controlled “ anti-smudge ” spraying devices for fitting to printing machines, and hand controlled metal spraying pistols operating either on the principle of a blow pipe, or by the combined effect of an electric heating device and a jet of compressed air.

Hand controlled spray guns with self-contained electric motor, incorporating a pump and a container for the material to be sprayed (paint, varnish, etc.), are also covered by the heading.

(C) STEAM OR SAND BLASTING MACHINES AND
SIMILAR JET PROJECTING MACHINES

Sand blasting machines and the like are often of heavy construction and sometimes incorporate compressors. They are used for de-scaling or cleaning metal articles, for etching or putting a matt surface on glass, stone, etc., by subjecting the articles to the action of high pressure jets of sand, metal abrasives, etc. They are usually fitted with dust extractors to remove the residual sand and dust. The heading also covers steam blast appliances used, for example, for de-greasing machined metal, etc.

(D) SYRINGES, SPRAYS AND POWDER DISTRIBUTORS

These are used for insecticides, fungicides, etc., in agriculture, horticulture or the home. The heading includes such appliances, with or without integral reservoirs, of the type operated by hand (including simple piston pump sprays) or by foot pedal, as well as powder bellows, knapsack sprayers and transportable sprayers. The heading also includes mobile spraying machines in which the motor providing the power for pumping or spraying can also be geared to provide a limited movement of the apparatus for working purposes, but it does not include machines constituting true vehicles within the meaning of heading 87.05.

Providedthey incorporate mechanical devices for producing or dispersing the spray or jet, or for automatically orientating the spray head (including simple mechanisms activated by water pressure), the heading includes the following types of appliances, whether fixed, transportable or mobile:

(1) Sprinklers and sprays for lawns, orchards, etc. (e.g., rotary sprays and oscillating sprays).

(2) Hydraulic guns designed for dislodging minerals (e.g., gold bearing sands) from mountain sides, etc., by projecting powerful jets of water and water-jet bark strippers used by the paper industry.

The heading also includes mechanical windscreen and headlamp washing devices for motor vehicles, and flame guns of the type used for destroying weeds or for other agricultural purposes.

The heading does not include:

(a) Insecticides put up under pressure in containers fitted with simple pressure release valves (heading 38.08).

(b) Hose pipe nozzles (Section XV, or heading 84.81 if fitted with taps, cocks, valves or other appliances for regulating the liquid flow).

(c) Medical instruments of heading 90.18.

(d) Scent sprays and similar toilet sprays (heading 96.16).

(E) IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

These irrigation systems, consisting of various components linked together usually include:

(i) a control station (mesh filters, fertiliser injectors, metering valves, non-return valves, pressure regulators, pressure gauges, air vents, etc.);

(ii) an underground network (distribution lines and branchlines which carry the water from the control station to the irrigation zone); and

(iii) a surface network (dripper lines incorporating the drippers).

Such systems are classified in this heading as functional units within the meaning of Note 4 to Section XVI (see the General Explanatory Note to that Section).

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This heading also covers:

(1) Machines for coating various objects (for example, cups, cartons, boxes) by spraying with paraffin wax or molten wax.

(2) Electrostatic painting apparatus consisting of a spray gun connected to a paint container by a flexible tube carrying paint, and also connected to a high-tension generator by an electric cable. The electrostatic field created between the object to be painted and the gun attracts the paint particles sprayed by compressed air to that object and prevents dispersion.

(3) Industrial robots specially designed for projecting, dispersing or spraying liquids or powders.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading includes parts for the appliances and machines of this heading. Parts falling in this heading thus include, inter alia, reservoirs for sprayers, spray nozzles, lances and turbulent sprayer heads not of a kind described in heading 84.81.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hand-powered oil cans and grease guns (heading 82.05) and compressed air grease guns and other force-feed lubricating equipment (heading 84.67).

(b) Steam blast soot removers for boilers (heading 84.04).

(c) Furnace burners (heading 84.16).

(d) Machines for cleaning barrels or other containers by jets of water, steam, sand, etc. (heading 84.22).

(e) Ink-jet printing machines (heading 84.43).

(f) Automatic vending machines of the scent spraying type (heading 84.76).

(g) Machines for spreading mortar or concrete or for spraying gravel onto road or similar surfaces (heading 84.79).

(h) Salt and sand spreaders for clearing snow, designed to be mounted on a lorry (heading 84.79).

(ij) Spraying appliances for etching, developing, stripping, or cleaning semiconductor wafers and flat panel displays; deflash machines for cleaning and removing contaminants from the metal leads of semiconductor packages prior to the electroplating process (deflash by high pressure spray) (heading 84.86).

(k) Electric machines and apparatus for hot spraying of metals or cermets, of heading 85.15.

(l) Jet-type dental drills (heading 90.18) and aerosol therapy apparatus (nebulisers) (heading 90.19).

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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 8424.20

This subheading covers the appliances described in Part (B) of the Explanatory Note to heading 84.24.

Subheading 8424.81

This subheading includes pressure sprayers (which may be marketed as “spray guns”), consisting of a pressure tankincorporating a funnel and integrated pressure pump, a carrying strap, flexible tubing and a hand-held spray arm with a brass lance and an adjustable nozzle, all of which exhibit physical characteristics which clearly render them most suitable for agricultural or horticultural use (for example, operating pressure of 3 bars, 5 litre capacity, adjustable nozzle orifice).


84.25 Pulley tackle and hoists other than skip hoists; winches and capstans; jacks.

This heading covers simple lifting or handling equipment. The provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 84.26 apply, mutatis mutandis, to the equipment of this heading insofar as they concern self-propelled and other “mobile” machines, multi-function machines and lifting, loading, handling, etc., machines intended for incorporation in other machines or for mounting on transport vehicles or vessels of Section XVII. However, if a winch is the normal working tool of a tractor, the complete machine (tractor and winch) is classifiable in heading 87.01.
The heading covers:

(I) PULLEY TACKLE AND HOISTS OTHER THAN SKIP HOISTS

The pulley tackle and hoists classified in this heading consist of more or less complex systems of pulleys and cables, chains, ropework, etc., designed to give a mechanical advantage to facilitate lifting (e.g., by use of pulleys of different diameter, toothed wheels, gearing systems).
This group includes, inter alia:

(1) Tackle and hoists in which the chain engages in specially designed projections on the pulley rims.

(2) Drum type pulley hoists in which the cable is wound on a drum enclosing the pulley mechanism. This self-contained type of hoist, usually pneumatic or electric, is often mounted on a trolley or crab running on an overhead rail.

(3) Hoists consisting of a roller chain running over a geared system of sprocket wheels operated by a crank handle or lever, somewhat as in a jacking system.

Separately presented pulleys and pulley blocks are excluded (heading 84.83).
Davits, also included in this heading, consist of twin tipping or swivelling supports from which ships’ boats, etc., may be raised or lowered by means of pulley tackle type hoisting gear.

(II) WINCHES AND CAPSTANS

Winches consist of hand-operated or power-driven horizontal ratchet drums around which the cable is wound. Capstans are similar, but the drum is vertical.
This group includes:

(1) Marine winches and capstans for operating cargo lifting gear, raising anchor, manoeuvring the steering gear, hauling in tow lines, fishing nets, dredging cables, etc. The power unit is often built into those machines as an integral whole.

(2) Winches for tractors, etc.

(3) Pit-head winding gear, consisting essentially of a large power-driven winch.

(4) Capstans for operating turn-tables, or for shunting railway wagons, etc. For shunting, the cable is usually passed along a number of bollards each freely turning on bearings to facilitate haulage. These bollards are classified in heading 73.25 or 73.26.

(5) Drawing blocks for wire-drawing benches.

(III) JACKS

Jacks are designed to raise heavy loads through short distances. The heading includes rack and pawl jacks, screw jacks in which the screw is raised by rotation or by rotating a nut fixed in the jack base, and telescopic screw jacks operated by the action of two or more concentric screws, the outer screw turning in the nut in the jack base.

In hydraulic or pneumatic jacks, the lifting piston is forced along a cylinder by pressure generated in a pump or compressor which may be separate or built-in.

Special types of jacks include: (1) Portable jacks for cars, etc.

(2) Trolley mounted garage jacks, crate-lifting jacks, etc.

(3) Garage type built-in jacking systems, usually hydraulic.

(4) Jacks used in tipping mechanisms for lorries.

(5) Jacks for firmly anchoring cranes, heavy lorries, mobile workshops, guns, etc.

(6) Jacks for lifting railway track.

(7) Jacks for lifting railway rolling-stock.

(8) Horizontal action jacks for moving girders, sections of building structures, etc.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the equipment of this heading are classified in heading 84.31.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hydraulic or pneumaticcylinders of heading 84.12.

(b) Level crossing control gear and railway signalling equipment of heading 86.08.


84.26 Ships’ derricks; cranes, including cable cranes; mobile lifting frames, straddle carriers and works trucks fitted with a crane. The heading covers a number of intermittent-action lifting or handling machines.
SELF-PROPELLED AND OTHER “MOBILE” MACHINES

In general, the heading covers not only fixed or stationary machines, but (with certain exceptions referred to below concerning machines mounted on transport equipment of the type falling in Section XVII) also mobile machines, whether or not self-propelled.

The exceptions are:

(a) Machines mounted on vehicles proper to Chapter 86. Lifting or handling machines are classified in heading 86.04 if they are mounted on wagons or trucks, of a kind suitable for coupling to a train designed to run on a railway network of any gauge. Railway breakdown cranes or crane wagons or trucks for servicing the permanent way or rolling-stock, and crane wagons or trucks for use in railroad goods loading depots, usually comply with this condition. Self-propelled vehicles for the servicing and maintenance of railway tracks fall also in heading 86.04. On the other hand, lifting or handling machines mounted on trucks or platforms not meeting the specifications of true railway rolling-stock remain classified in this heading. This is usually the case, for example, with contractors’ cranes mounted to run on rails in servicing building sites, quarries, etc.

(b) Machinesmounted on tractors or motor vehicles proper to Chapter 87.
Certain lifting or handling machines (e.g., ordinary cranes, light breakdown cranes) are often mounted on what is in fact an essentially complete automobile chassis or lorry in that it comprises at least the following mechanical features: propelling engine, gear-box and controls for gear-changing, and steering and braking facilities. Such assemblies fall to be classified in heading 87.05 as special purpose motor vehicles, whether the lifting or handling machine is simply mounted on the vehicle or forms an integral mechanical unit with it, unless they are vehicles designed essentially for transport purposes falling in heading 87.04. (c) Machines on floating structures proper to Chapter 89.

All lifting or handling machines (e.g. derricks and cranes) mounted on pontoons or other floating structures, whether or not self-propelled, are classified in Chapter 89.
MULTI-FUNCTION MACHINES

Many machines, in addition to carrying out the functions described in this heading or heading 84.25, 84.27 or 84.28 (lifting, loading, etc.) can also perform the functions described in heading 84.29 or 84.30 (excavating, levelling, boring, etc.). These machines are classified in accordance with Note 3 to Section XVI or by application of Interpretative Rule 3 (c). Examples are mechanical shovels, draglines, etc., which by interchanging jibs or end attachments can be used as cranes, combined coal-cutting and loading machines, combined trenching and pipe lifting and lowering machines, etc.

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Lifting, loading, handling, etc., machines presented separately are, however, classified in this heading even if intended for incorporation in other machines or for mounting on transport vehicles or vessels of Section XVII.
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The heading covers lifting or handling machines usually based on pulley, winch or jacking systems, and often including large proportions of static structural steelwork, etc.

These static structural elements (e.g., crane pedestals and gantries) are classified in this heading when they are presented as parts of a more or less complete handling machine.

When presented separately, they are classified in heading 84.31 provided they are fitted or designed to be fitted with the mechanical features essential for the operation of the moving parts of the complete installation (wheels, rollers, pulleys, running or guide rails, etc.). Otherwise these structural elements are classified in heading 73.08.

The heading covers:

(1) Bridge cranes, which consist of a powerful lifting unit suspended from a heavy cross beam or “bridge”, the whole moving on wide gauge rails. Similar bridge cranes used in nuclear reactors for changing or extracting the fuel elements are also classified here.

(2) Gantry cranes and overhead travelling cranes in which the beam itself runs on rails fixed on walls or on suitable supporting metal structures.

(3) Transporter cranes, fixed or running on rails. These are sometimes very long and normally have a cantilever extension (which may or may not be articulated) over berths or unloading areas and are equipped with a hoisting trolley or crab running along the whole length of the beam. Special types are used for handling blocks of building stone or containers and in shipbuilding.

(4) Mobile lifting frames on tyred wheels, particularly for container handling. These machines may be self-propelled, provided they are designed to operate when stationary or, if they are able to move with their load over short distances, that they are simple portals which in most cases consist of a horizontal beam supported by two vertical members (sometimes of the telescopic type), each resting on a set of wheels.

(5) Straddle carriers, which consist of a chassis of the “straddle” type, generally with vertical telescopic members for adjusting the height. This chassis is normally mounted on four or more tyred wheels which usually serve both as driving and steering wheels so as to permit manoeuvres within a very small radius. Owing to their special design they are able to position themselves over a load, lift it by means of special gripping devices, transport it over short distances and then lower it again. Some of these carriers are sufficiently wide and high to be positioned directly over transport vehicles for lifting or lowering the load. Straddle carriers are used in factories, warehouses, dock areas, airports, etc., for handling long loads (profile shapes, tree trunks, timber, etc.) or for stacking containers.

(6) Tower cranes. These cranes comprise essentially a tower, usually composed of individual sections, of considerable height, fixed or running on rail, a main horizontal jib, fitted with trolleys, winches, service platforms and a cab for the operator, a counterweight jib with counterweights, tie bars to support the jibs, and a slewing device, either at the top or at the bottom, to enable the crane to rotate. The tower may contain hydraulic cylinders or jacks and a climbing frame which raise the jib so that additional tower sections can be attached to increase the working height of the crane.

(7) Portal or pedestal cranes, as used in harbours, which are jib cranes supported on tall four legged pedestals which run on rails of such wide gauge as to span one or more normal railway tracks.

(8) Jib or derrick cranes (but see the introduction to this Explanatory Note regarding railway breakdown cranes, crane lorries, floating cranes, etc.). Jib or derrick cranes are used for lifting loads and sometimes also moving them laterally. They consist essentially of a boom or jib which may be jointed to provide adjustable reach and to facilitate working. The hoisting cable passes over pulleys at the top of the boom and is driven by a winch. The jib or boom may be supported by a vertical support, sometimes of considerable height.

(9) Cableways and cable cranes, which are installations for transporting suspended loads. They consist of one or more bearer cables supported on fixed or movable towers, and a trolley running on the cables and fitted with a mechanism for hoisting and lowering the loads. They are used for handling materials on large construction sites, dams, bridges, quarries, etc.

(10) Ships’ derricks, which consist of a fixed upright arm, to the base of which is pivoted a load-carrying arm which can be raised by a pulley system. (See the introduction to this Explanatory Note regarding similar machines mounted on floating pontoons, etc.)

(11) Works trucks fitted with a crane, which are designed for moving loads over short distances in factories, warehouses, dock areas or airports by means of a light crane mounted on a chassis of the works truck type, usually in the form of a box frame, with a long wheel-base and a wide track to avoid overbalancing.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.31.
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The heading excludes crane lorries of heading 87.05.


84.27 Fork-lift trucks; other works trucks fitted with lifting or handling equipment. With the exception of straddle carriers and works trucks fitted with a crane of heading 84.26, this heading covers works trucks fitted with lifting or handling equipment.

Works trucks of this description include, for example:

(A) FORK-LIFT AND OTHER ELEVATING OR STACKING TRUCKS

(1) Mechanically propelled fork-lift trucks, which are sometimes of large size, carry the load on an elevating carriage sliding on a vertical mast. This lifting mechanism is normally situated in front of the driver’s seat; it is designed to support the load during movement and to lift it for stacking or to place it on a vehicle. This group also includes side-loading stacking trucks, which are designed to handle long loads (girders, planks, pipes, containers, etc.) and are usually equipped with a platform to support the load during transport over short distances. The lifting device of the above trucks is normally powered by the motive power unit of the vehicle, and is usually designed to be fitted with various special attachments (forks, jibs, buckets, grabs, etc.) according to the type of load to be handled. (2) Other stacking machines, usually mounted on a truck, are equipped with a platform or fork which can be raised and lowered in a vertical support, by hand or power-operated winch or rack systems. They are used for stacking sacks, crates, casks, etc.
(B) OTHER WORKS TRUCKS FITTED WITH LIFTING OR
HANDLING EQUIPMENT

This group includes:

(1) Trucks with mechanically elevating platforms for the maintenance of electric cables, public lighting systems, etc. (See the introduction to Explanatory Note to heading 84.26 regarding elevating platforms of this type mounted on lorries.)

(2) Other trucks fitted with lifting or handling equipment including those specialised for use in particular industries (e.g., in the textile or ceramic industries, in dairies, etc.).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the trucks of this heading are classified in heading 84.31.


84.28 Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery (for example, lifts, escalators, conveyors, teleferics). With the exception of the lifting and handling machinery of headings 84.25 to 84.27, this heading covers a wide range of machinery for the mechanical handling of materials, goods, etc. (lifting, conveying, loading, unloading, etc.). They remain here even if specialised for a particular industry, for agriculture, metallurgy, etc. This heading is not limited to lifting or handling equipment for solid materials but also includes such machinery for liquids or gases. But the heading excludes liquid elevators of the type falling in heading 84.13, and floating docks, coffer-dams and similar marine lifting and re-floating appliances operating solely by hydrostatic buoyancy (heading 89.05 or 89.07).

The provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 84.26 apply, mutatis mutandis, to the equipment of this heading insofar as they concern self-propelled and other “mobile” machines, multi-function machines and lifting, loading, handling, etc., machines intended for incorporation in other machines or for mounting on transport vehicles or vessels of Section XVII.

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The heading covers lifting or handling machines usually based on pulley, winch or jacking systems, and often including large proportions of static structural steelwork, etc.

These static structural elements (e.g., pylons specialised for teleferics, etc.) are classified in this heading when they are presented as parts of a more or less complete handling machine.

When presented separately, they are classified in heading 84.31 provided they are fitted or designed to be fitted with the mechanical features essential for the operation of the moving parts of the complete installation (wheels, rollers, pulleys, running or guide rails, etc.). Otherwise these structural elements are classified in heading 73.08.

These more complex machines include:

(I) INTERMITTENT ACTION MACHINES

(A) Lifts are usually operated by winch and cable, or by rams worked by water, air or oil. They are used for raising or lowering a passenger cage or goods platform between vertical guide bars, and are generally fitted with counter-balance weights. The control, stopping, safety, etc., equipment, whether or not electrical, is also classified in this heading provided it is presented with the lift itself. The heading also includes manually operated lifts. Rack and pinion driven lifts or hoists also belong to this category. These lifts and hoists consist of a lift cage, fitted with a motor that drives a pinion, and a mast, equipped with a toothed rack. When the pinion is engaged with the toothed rack, it permits the lift cage to move along the mast, up or down, at a controlled speed. The group also includes so-called “ship-lifts”, i.e., very powerful hydraulic or jack operated installations for lifting a vessel and lock basin complete from one canal level to another, and thus replacing normal locks. (B) Skip hoists are a type of lift in which bulk material containers are hoisted up a ramp or vertical shaft. They are used for raising coal from mines, for hoisting ores, limestone, fuel, etc., into blast furnaces, lime kilns, etc. The heading also includes skips for such skip hoists, i.e., large capacity metallic containers or bins often fitted with automatically opening bottoms. Mining skips usually incorporate a cabin for the miners mounted above the load bin. (C) Certain lifting machines: (D) Teleferics are large winch-operated installations generally for lifting passengers or goods in the mountains. They consist of the bearer and traction cables supported on pylons, and two cabins (or grabs, containers, etc.) which ascend and descend on the bearer cable.

(E) Funiculars operate on the same principle as teleferics but the coaches run on rails. The heading in this case covers only the traction mechanism and winch; it excludes the coaches (heading 86.05) and the track (heading 73.02 or 86.08 according to type).

(F) Wagon tippers are platforms with guide rails or grooves, so that the wagon can be run into position, clamped and then emptied by tilting, tipping or rotating the whole machine by a jacking or other lifting system. The heading also includes wagon shaking machines used to facilitate the discharge of hopper type wagons.

(II) CONTINUOUS ACTION MACHINES

(A) Elevators used for raising a constant stream of goods or persons vertically or obliquely. They consist essentially of a series of carriers of various types, attached at intervals to a jointed mechanism which turns as a continuous chain. They include bucket lifts for pulverised or granular materials, platform elevators for crates, parcels, etc., finger-tray elevators for sacks, barrels, bales of straw, sheaves, etc., and continuous multiple-cage lifts for passengers, etc.

(B) Escalators and moving walkways.

(C) Conveyors are used for moving goods, usually in a horizontal direction, sometimes over very long distances (in mines, quarries, etc.). They include:
(D) Pneumatic elevators and conveyors (e.g., pneumatic tube conveyors), in which small containers (for documents, small machined parts, etc.) or bulk materials (grain, straw, hay, sawdust, pulverised coal, etc.) are forced along a tube by an air current (including similar machines for transporting and cleaning grain).

(E) Roller supports (“castors”), similar to roller conveyors, consist of a number of tubular posts fixed in the factory floor. The top of each post consists of a roller running on bearings and pivoting freely in all directions, so that the set of “castors” provides a roller table system (e.g., for handling sheet metal in rolling mills).

(F) Cable-operated hauling or towing machines consist essentially of an endless cable or chain in continuous motion for hauling wagons (e.g., for colliery tubs and tip wagons), for towing barges, sledges, etc., for carrying passengers (ski-lifts), etc.

(III) OTHER SPECIAL LIFTING OR HANDLING MACHINER

(A) Locomotive or wagon traversers for transferring locomotives, trucks, etc., from one track to another.

(B) Wagon pushers of various kinds, e.g.:
(C) Mechanical loaders for picking up coal, ores, excavated earth, pebbles, sand or other bulk materials. These machines are usually combined with a conveyor or an elevator (shaker type conveyor-loader, pick-up conveyor-loader, etc.).

(D) Auxiliary mechanical appliances for manipulating pneumatically, hydraulically or electrically operated hand tools (drills, hammers, etc.). These appliances help to support the tool or push it forward into the work, e.g., pneumatically operated tool supports and pushers; drilling rigs and carriages (“Jumbos”); mechanical “balancers” for suspending tools during working. But the heading excludes simple static supports, etc.

(E) Industrial robots specifically designed for lifting, handling, loading or unloading.

(F) Mechanical ladders consisting of sliding sections operated by a mechanism (e.g., pulley tackle or winch).

(G) Mechanically adjustable wheeled platforms (“dollies”) for mounting and manipulating cinematographic cameras.

(H) Mechanical remote control manipulators, for radioactive products, fixed or mobile, consisting of an arm outside the shielded cell, which is guided manually, and an arm inside the cell, which reproduces the operator’s movements. Transmission of the movements is by means of mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic appliances or by electric pulses. (IJ) Platforms, whether or not self-propelled, for the handling of containers or palettes used in airports for loading or unloading of aircraft. This equipment consists principally of an elevated platform supported by two diagonal cross-members. It is provided with a moving belt to transport the cargo. This equipment is not intended to transport containers or palettes, even over short distances, but is positioned empty beside the aircraft and operates only from that position.

(K) Palletisers, electrically driven machines designed to align empty bottles automatically in regular rows (using powered or roller conveyors) and then to transfer them perfectly aligned onto a pallet for stacking layer upon layer. These palletisers, which do not fill, close, seal, label or band bottles, can stand alone or be incorporated in a processing line containing other machines which carry out such functions as filling or shrink-wrapping.

(L) Patient lifts. These are devices with a supporting structure and a seat for the raising and lowering of seated persons, e.g., in a bathroom or onto a bed. The mobile seat is fixed to the supporting structure by means of ropes or chains.

(M) Stair lifts. These are lifting devices, fitted with a load platform, which are fixed to banisters, stairway walls or the stairs and are used to move disabled persons or wheelchairs with their occupant up or down stairs.

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Lifting or handling devices are often used with furnaces, converters, rolling mills, etc., e.g., machines for inserting, handling or withdrawing the pieces being worked; for manipulating doors, covers, hearths, etc.; tipping or tilting machines. When these machines form independent units clearly distinct from the furnaces, etc., they are classified in this heading even if presented with the furnaces, etc. Examples include:

(1) Coke oven discharging machines running to and fro behind the row of ovens, and equipped with a mechanical piston which opens the doors and empties the retorts.

(2) Ram or piston operated charging machines for Siemens Martin converters, etc.

(3) Special lifting machines for raising the covers of metallurgical annealing or “soaking” pits, or for lifting out the ingots.

(4) Ingot, forging, etc., manipulators, tilters, etc.

(5) Machines used in certain types of furnaces for inserting or removing, by the action of cylinders fitted with rams or pistons, the objects being treated in the furnace.

It should, however, be noted that the heading excludes lifting or handling machines designed to be incorporated in furnaces, converters, etc., or to form a complete unit therewith, provided they are presented with the furnaces, etc. (see headings 84.17, 84.54, 84.55, etc.). When presented separately they remain in this heading.

It should be noted that mechanical stokers, mechanical grates and similar appliances are also excluded (heading 84.16).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.31.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Liquid elevators of bucket, chain, screw, band or similar kinds (heading 84.13).

(b) Machinery for sorting, screening, separating or washing earth, stone, ores or other mineral substances in solid form (heading 84.74).

(c) Passenger boarding bridges (heading 84.79).

(d) Machines and apparatus solely or principally of a kind used for lifting, handling, loading or unloading of boules, wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits or flat panel displays (heading 84.86).

(e) Turntables of heading 86.08.

(f) Dumpers (heading 87.04).


84.29 Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, scrapers, mechanical shovels, excavators, shovel loaders, tamping machines and road rollers.
The heading covers a number of earth digging, excavating or compacting machines which are explicitly cited in the heading and which have in common the fact that they are all self-propelled.

The provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 84.30 relating to self-propelled and multi-function machines apply, mutatis mutandis, to the self-propelled machinery of this heading, which includes the following:

(A) Bulldozers and angledozers. These consist of a propelling base, often track-laying, with a large blade mounted in front, and forming an integral mechanical unit. They are used, in particular, for removing debris and for rough levelling. Certain types are designed mainly for grubbing or for land clearing.

(B) Graders and levellers. These are machines designed for earth levelling or smoothing (on flat surfaces or banks) by means of an adjustable grading blade, usually mounted within the wheel base.

(C) Scrapers. These incorporate a sharp cutting edge designed to slice off a layer of top soil which is then passed into the scraper body or discharged by a conveyor. It should be noted that this heading covers only those scrapers in which the motor propulsion unit and the scraper form an integral mechanical unit, for example, track-laying scrapers in which the scraper body incorporating the cutting edge is situated between the two tracks. This heading also includes articulated scrapers which consist of a motor propulsion unit (even with only a single axle) and a scraper proper equipped with a fixed blade or a mobile attachment with several blades.

(D) Tamping machines as used in road making, for packing rail-road ballast, etc. (but see paragraph (a) of the introduction to Explanatory Note to heading 84.30 regarding machines mounted on vehicles of Chapter 86).

(E) Self-propelled road rollers as used in road building or other public works (e.g., for levelling the ground or rolling the road surface). These machines are fitted with heavy cast iron or steel cylinders of large diameter, smooth or studded with metal feet which press into the soil (“ sheep’s-foot ” rollers), or with wheels and heavy grade solid or pneumatic tyres.

(F) Mechanical shovels (boom, jib or cable type) which dig into the soil, above or below machine level, by means of an excavating bucket, grab, etc., operated either directly from the end of a boom or jib (shovel excavators, drag shovels, etc.) or, to increase the working range, on a cable or by means of a hydraulic jack suspended from the jib (draglines). In long range excavators (slackline draglines), the bucket is operated on a cable running between two movable structures set some distance apart.

(G) Multi-bucket excavators in which the digging buckets are fitted on endless chains or on rotating wheels. These machines often incorporate conveyors for discharging the excavated soil, and they are mounted on wheeled or track-laying chassis. Special models are designed for digging or cleaning out trenches, drainage channels, ditches for use in open-cast (open-pit) mines, etc.

(H) Self-propelled shovel loaders. These are wheeled or crawler machines with a front-mounted bucket which pick up material through motion of the machine, transport and discharge it. Some “shovel-loaders” are able to dig into the soil. This is achieved as the bucket, when in the horizontal position, is capable of being lowered below the level of the wheels or tracks. (IJ) Loader-transporters used in mines. These machines, the main function of which is handling and not transport, are equipped with a front-mounted bucket which picks up bulk materials and discharges them into the body of the machine.

This heading also covers self-propelled shovel loaders having an articulated arm with a bucket, mounted on the rear.


PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading, in particular, working tools (blades, buckets, etc.), whether or not fitted with booms and pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, suitable for mounting directly onto the propelling base, are classified in heading 84.31.


84.30 Other moving, grading, levelling, scraping, excavating, tamping, compacting, extracting or boring machinery, for earth, minerals or ores; pile-drivers and pile-extractors; snow-ploughs and snow-blowers. This heading covers machinery, other than the self-propelled machines of heading 84.29 and agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery (heading 84.32), for “ attacking ” the earth’s crust (e.g., for cutting and breaking down rock, earth, coal, etc.; earth excavation, digging, drilling, etc.), or for preparing or compacting the terrain (e.g., scraping, levelling, grading, tamping or rolling). It also includes pile-drivers, pile-extractors, snow-ploughs, and snow-blowers.

SELF-PROPELLED AND OTHER “MOBILE” MACHINES

In general, the heading covers not only fixed or stationary machines, but (with certain exceptions referred to below concerning machines mounted on transport equipment of the type falling in Section XVII) also mobile machines, whether or not self-propelled.

The exceptions are:

(a) Machines mounted on vehicles proper to Chapter 86. Excavating, etc., machines are classified in heading 86.04 if they are mounted on wagons or trucks, of a kind suitable for coupling into a train running on a railway network of any gauge. Railroad ballast excavator-screening machines are often mounted on wagons or trucks complying with this condition. On the other hand, excavating, etc., machines mounted on trucks or platforms not meeting the specifications of true railway rolling stock remain classified in this heading. Self-propelled vehicles for the servicing and maintenance of railway tracks also fall in heading 86.04.

(b) Machines mounted on tractors or motor vehicles proper to Chapter 87.
(c) Machines on floating structures proper to Chapter 89.
MULTI-FUNCTION MACHINES
Many machines, in addition to carrying out the functions described in heading 84.29 or 84.30 (excavating, levelling, boring, etc.), can also perform the functions described in heading 84.25, 84.26, 84.27 or 84.28 (lifting, loading, etc.). These machines are classified in accordance with Note 3 to Section XVI or by application of Interpretative Rule 3 (c). Examples are combined coal-cutting and loading machines, combined trenching and pipe lifting and lowering machines, etc.
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The heading includes:

(I) PILE-DRIVERS AND PILE-EXTRACTORS

Pile-drivers consist of a heavy hammer weight, usually operated in a tall vertical guiding framework. The weight is raised by mechanical power and then allowed to fall on to the head of the pile either under gravity (single-acting machines) or under power (double-acting hammers).
The heading also covers pile-extractors.

(II) SNOW-PLOUGHS AND SNOW-BLOWERS

Snow-ploughs and snow-blower vehicles of Section XVII with built-in equipment are excluded. The heading, however, covers snow-ploughs designed to be pushed or pulled (blade types), e.g., those designed to be attached to lorries or tractors.

(III) EXTRACTING, CUTTING OR DRILLING MACHINERY

This is mainly used in mining, well-drilling, tunnelling, quarrying, clay cutting, etc.

(A) Coal or rock cutters for cutting or breaking down coal, ores, etc. They consist of a bar or disc fitted with picks, or, more often, of an endless cutting chain running round a metal jib which may be adjustable for level and angle of cut (universal cutters). They may be mounted on self-propelled wheeled or tracklaying chassis, and some (cutter loaders) may be very large, incorporating a number of cutting chains and a built-in conveyor for loading the cut material on to the face conveyor, tubs, etc.

(B) Tunnelling machinery. Tunnelling shields have smooth outer surfaces and sharp front cutting edges which are pushed forward into the soil by a hydraulic jacking system.

(C) Machines for boring drill holes in rock, coal, etc., and percussion type cutters in which the drill can be swung to make linear cuts. But the heading excludes such tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained motor (heading 84.67).

(D) Well sinking or boring machines for the extraction of petroleum, natural gases, sulphur (Frasch process), etc., for raising strata samples in mining and oil well prospecting, for the sinking of artesian wells, etc. These machines are of two main types :
(E) Augering machines, hand or power operated, for boring holes in the ground (e.g., for setting trees or fencing posts), but not including hand tools of Chapter 82.

(F) Hydraulic wedges consist of a long barrel with a number of pistons set laterally at intervals along the length. They are placed in a fissure or drill hole and the pistons are forced out by pumping water into the barrel, thus breaking down the rock or coal.

(G) Ploughs, strippers, etc., consist of cutter blades, ploughs, picks, wedges, etc., which are forced along the face, slicing off the coal, clay, etc., and loading it directly on to face conveyors, etc.

(IV) TAMPING OR COMPACTING MACHINES

This group includes:

(A) Road rollers designed to be pushed or towed. This group includes “sheep’s-foot” tamping rollers studded with metal feet which press into the soil, and tamping rollers made up of a series of lorry type wheels with heavy grade pneumatic tyres mounted on a common axle.
(B) Tamping machines as used in road making, for packing rail-road ballast, etc., not self-propelled. Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained motor, are, however, excluded (heading 84.67).

(C) Machines, usually pneumatic, for compacting the sides of embankments, etc.

(V) EARTH EXCAVATING, SCRAPING OR LEVELLING MACHINERY

This group includes:

(A) Digging or excavating machines described in Explanatory Note to heading 84.29, not self-propelled.

(B) Dredgers (bucket or shovel type), similar to the multibucket excavators of heading 84.29.

Floating dredgers are excluded (heading 89.05). (C) Railroad ballast excavator-screening machines, consisting essentially of a continuous chain of buckets which dig the ballast from under the railway tracks. They also incorporate mechanisms for screening and discharging the ballast. But see paragraph (a) at the beginning of this Explanatory Note regarding machines mounted on vehicles of Chapter 86.

(D) Rippers, rooters and scarifiers fitted with cutting teeth which loosen the top soil, break up old road surfaces, etc., prior to re-laying.

(E) Skimmers, a type of excavating shovel similar to those of heading 84.29 with a horizontal boom; used for “skimming” off the top soil.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.31.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hydraulic guns designed for dislodging minerals (e.g., gold bearing sands) from hill sides, etc., by projecting powerful water jets (heading 84.24).

(b) Agricultural rollers, consisting of a relatively long light land roller of small diameter, in some cases propelled by a small internal combustion engine (heading 84.32).

(c) Power tools (e.g., picks, tampers and drills) for working in the hand, of heading 84.67.

(d) Apparatus for cutting or piercing rock or concrete, using the high temperature produced by burning iron or steel in a jet of oxygen (heading 84.79).
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 8430.31 and 8430.39

These subheadings cover the machines described in paragraphs (A), (B) and (G) of Part (III) of the Explanatory Note to heading 84.30.


84.31 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of headings 84.25 to 84.30. Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading covers parts for use solely or principally with the machinery of headings 84.25 to 84.30.

It should also be noted that many parts do not fall in this heading since they are:

(a) Specified elsewhere in the Nomenclature, e.g., suspension springs (heading 73.20), engines (heading 84.07 or 84.08, etc.) and electrical ignition or starting equipment (heading 85.11).

(b) Parts identical with those for motor vehicles and not suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of headings 84.25 to 84.30, and therefore classified as parts of motor vehicles (heading 87.08); this applies in particular to wheels and steering and braking equipment.

or (c) Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery for lifting, handling, loading or unloading boules, wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits or flat panel displays (heading 84.86).

The heading includes:

(1) Lifting grabs, buckets, grips, etc., i.e., simple lifting buckets fitted with attaching rings, hooks, etc.; hinge-bottomed buckets; grabs consisting of two jointed shells which fit together for lifting powdery materials; grips consisting of two or more jointed blades or claws for handling stone, rocks, etc.

Electro-magnetic lifting heads for handling scrap metal, etc., are also excluded (heading 85.05).

(2) Drums for winches or capstans; crane jibs; trolleys, crabs, buckets, skips, etc., for overhead transporters; cabins, cages and platforms for lifts, etc.; escalator steps; buckets and scraper chains for elevators and conveyors; supports, and drums or rollers (whether or not incorporating driving motors) for conveyors; driving and retarding heads for shaker conveyors and tables; safety stopping mechanisms for lifts, skip-hoists, etc.

(3) Cutter bars, chains and jibs for coal cutters; blades for scrapers, coal ploughs and strippers, etc. This group also covers bulldozer or angledozer blades intended to be mounted as working tools on vehicles of Chapter 87.

(4) Rotary tables, swivels, kellies, kelly drive bushings, tool-joints, drill collars, subs, drill pipe guides, stop-collars, spider bowls, split bushing slips, beams, swivel sockets, and drilling jars, for well drilling machines (rotary or percussion).

(5) Digging buckets and grabs for excavators, bucket ladders for multi-bucket excavators; jibs for mechanical shovels; pile-driver hammers.

(6) Track-laying or wheeled chassis, not self-propelled, fitted with swivel gear or other rotating devices.

Cables and chains equipped with their fittings (e.g., cable clips, rings, hooks and spring hooks) are classified with the machinery for which they are intended, provided they are presented therewith. When presented separately, however, they are classified in Section XV (usually heading 73.12 or 73.15). Cables and chains not equipped with such fittings and presented in coils are also classified in that Section, even if cut to length and presented with the machines (winches, teleferics, cranes, cable operated hauling machines, draglines, excavators, etc.) for which they are intended.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of plastics (Chapter 39), of vulcanised rubber (heading 40.10), of leather (heading 42.05) or of textile materials (heading 59.10).

(b) Slings (Section XI or XV).

(c) Hollow drill bars and rods (heading 72.28).

(d) Casing, tubing and drill pipes (headings 73.04 to 73.06).

(e) Adjustable or telescopic pit props (heading 73.08).

(f) Lifting hooks (heading 73.25 or 73.26).

(g) Rock drilling bits and chisels, boring bits, auger bits and similar rock drilling or earth boring tools (heading 82.07).

(h) Locks for passenger and goods lifts, etc. (heading 83.01).

(ij) Pulleys, pulley blocks and bearing housings (heading 84.83).


84.32 Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation; lawn or sports-ground rollers. This heading covers machines, whatever their mode of traction, used in place of hand tools, for one or more of the following classes of agricultural, horticultural or forestry work, viz.:

(I) Preparing the soil for cultivation (clearing, breaking, tilling, ploughing, loosening, etc.).

(II) Spreading or distributing fertilisers, including manure, or other products to improve the soil.

(III) Planting or sowing.

(IV) The working or maintenance of the soil during the growing period (hoeing, weeding, cleaning etc.).

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The machines of this heading may be hauled by an animal or by a vehicle (e.g., a tractor), or may be mounted on a vehicle (e.g., on a tractor or a horse-drawn chassis). (In this context, “tractor” includes “pedestrian controlled tractor”.)

Machines designed to be hauled by, or mounted as interchangeable equipment on a tractor.

Some agricultural, horticultural or forestry machines (for example, ploughs and harrows) are designed solely to be hauled or pushed by a tractor, to which they are linked by a coupling device (whether or not with a lifting mechanism). Others (e.g., rotating hoes) are operated by a general-purpose power take-off on the tractor. Such machines are mounted and changed in the fields, the forest or the farm yard. All these machines remain in this heading even if they are presented with (and whether or not mounted on) the tractor. The tractor itself is classified separately in heading 87.01.

The same classification principle applies where another type of hauling device is substituted for the tractor (e.g., one classified in heading 87.04), or where a rotary hoe is mounted on the driving axle of a pedestrian controlled tractor in place of the wheels, so that it acts both as an implement and as driving wheels carrying the whole.

Self-propelled agricultural, horticultural or forestry machines.

In these machines the tractive part and the machine make up one integral unit (e.g., motorised ploughs). Such machines are classified in this heading.

However, the heading excludes fertiliser, etc., spreading lorries which are classified with other special purpose motor vehicles in heading 87.05.

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The smaller types of agricultural machines designed to be drawn or rolled by manual power (e.g., ploughs, harrows, cultivators, hoes, rollers and seeders) also fall in this heading.

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The numerous machines of this heading include:

(1) Ploughs for all soil working purposes, e.g., mouldboard ploughs (single or multi share or reversible types), sub-soil ploughs (usually without mouldboards) and disc ploughs.

(2) Harrows which are mainly used for breaking up the soil after ploughing. In the toothed harrow the teeth are fitted to a rigid, articulated or chain-mesh framework, or sometimes to a drum or rollers. In disc harrows the teeth are replaced by one or more rows of concave discs with cutting edges.

(3) Scarifiers, cultivators, weeders and hoes which are used for working, weeding or smoothing the soil after ploughing, or during the growth of the crops. These machines usually consist of a horizontal frame fitted with several rows of various types of tools (shares, discs, teeth, etc.), which may be rigid or springy, fixed or movable, and are sometimes interchangeable.

(4) Seeders, planters and transplanters, for seed, bulbs, tubers, plants, etc., consisting of a box, hopper or other reservoir, sometimes mounted on wheels, and equipped with devices for distribution and for opening and usually re-covering the furrow.

(5) Fertiliser distributors and manure spreaders. Distributors for spreading manure or solid fertilisers (chemicals, dung, etc.), sometimes mounted on wheels, usually consist of containers fitted with a distributing mechanism such as sliding floor plates, a worm feed, endless chains or centrifugal discs; portable mechanical apparatus used for the same purposes are also included here. Portable injectors for forcing fertilising liquids into the soil, also fall in this heading. They consist of a long hollow rod, through which the fertiliser is pumped into the soil by a pump.

(6) Machines for clearing scrub, undergrowth, stalks of former crops, roots, etc. They generally consist of two large wheels and a drum fitted with cutting blades.

(7) Stone-removing machines, similar to a harrow but fitted with hooked teeth in two rows converging towards an openslatted container, to collect stones.

(8) Rollers, mainly used to pack the soil. These include smooth, corrugated, disc, packer wheel, etc., rollers. The heading also includes rollers for gardens, lawns, sports-grounds, grass tracks, etc.

(9) Thinning-out machines (e.g., beet separators) used for separating young plants. These may be very complex machines controlled by photo-electric devices.

(10) Machines for cutting back the tops or stalks of plants for pruning excess growth.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading covers parts for the above-mentioned machines. Such parts include, inter alia:

Plough beams, coulters, shares, mouldboards, plough discs (including diamond-edged shares, discs, etc.); tools and teeth (rigid or springy) for scarifying, cultivating or weeding machines; teeth, drums and discs for harrows; cylinders, segments and parts of rollers; distributing mechanisms for fertiliser distributors, seeding, planting or transplanting machines; shares, teeth, discs and other tools for hoeing machines.

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The heading does not include:

(a) Dibbers, planters, transplanters and similar hand tools (heading 82.01).

(b) Liquid elevators and pumps for liquids (including hub-pumps for mounting on the wheels of agricultural machines for spraying, etc.) (heading 84.13).

(c) Mechanical agricultural, horticultural or forestry appliances (whether or not hand-operated) for dispersing or spraying liquids or powders (heading 84.24).

(d) Manure lifters and other agricultural, horticultural or forestry lifting machinery of heading 84.28.

(e) Shovel loaders and road rollers, self-propelled (heading 84.29).

(f) Earth excavating, levelling, boring or extracting machinery and non self-propelled road rollers (heading 84.30).

(g) Stump removers and tree transplanters (heading 84.36).

(h) Agricultural carts and vehicles (Chapter 87).


84.33 Harvesting or threshing machinery, including straw or fodder balers; grass or hay mowers; machines for cleaning, sorting or grading eggs, fruit or other agricultural produce, other than machinery of heading 84.37.
This heading covers machines used in place of hand tools, for the mechanical performance of the following operations:

(A) Harvesting of agricultural crops (e.g., reaping, croplifting, gathering, picking, threshing, binding or bundling). Hay or grass mowers, and straw or fodder balers are also included in this heading.

(B) Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading eggs, fruit or other agricultural produce, other than machinery of heading 84.37.


The provisions of Explanatory Note to heading 84.32 apply, mutatis mutandis, to this heading, e.g., in respect of tractors fitted with harvesting, threshing, mowing or other interchangeable attachments, and in respect of motor rakes.
(A) HARVESTING OR THRESHING MACHINERY,
INCLUDING STRAW OR FODDER BALERS;
GRASS OR HAY MOWERS

These include:

(1) Lawn mowers, whether worked by hand or motor driven. They may have a cutter bar like an agricultural mower, rotary blades which cut the grass against a fixed horizontal blade, or a rotating disc with knives on the outer edge.

(2) Mowers (including motormowers) for cutting hay, etc. They usually consist of a horizontal cutter bar and sections which cut by the oscillating action of teeth between the fingers of the cutter bar, or they may consist of rotating discs or drums with knives on the outer edge.

(3) Mowers equipped with a device for depositing the cut crop in rows across the field (mower-windrowers and mower-conditioners).

(4) Hay tedders (e.g., with lifting forks or drums).

(5) Hay rakes, usually consisting of a wheeled row of semi-circular teeth, which can be lifted automatically.

(6) Tedder rakes, windrower rakes, bundling rakes.

(7) Pick-up balers and bale rollers, for picking up and baling hay or straw left on the field.

(8) Combine harvesters, which successively reap, thresh, clean and discharge the grain.

(9) Maize (corn) cutters, pickers, harvesters and shellers.

(10) Self-loading trailers permanently mounted with harvesting equipment, for cutting, chopping and transporting grass, maize (corn), etc.

(11) Cotton pickers.

(12) Flax pickers.

(13) Grape harvesters (trailed or self-propelled).

(14) Vegetable harvesters (for beans, tomatoes, etc.).

(15) Potato diggers (ploughshare, fork and grill types).

(16) Root topping machines, root lifters and root harvesters for beet and similar root crops.

(17) Forage harvesters.

(18) Tree shakers.

(19) Harvesting machines for other agricultural produce (oil seeds, etc.).

(20) Grain threshers. This heading also includes automatic threshing machine feeders, whether or not separately presented (i.e., auxiliary machines designed to ensure regular feeding of the thresher by opening and spreading out the sheaves).

(21) Machines for removing leaves from the maize (corn) cobs; maize (corn) threshers.

This heading also covers lawn mowers, known as riding lawn mowers, consisting of three or four wheeled basic machines fitted with a driving seat and having a permanently attached cutter, i.e., one which is removed only for repair or maintenance. Since their principal function is the mowing of lawns, they remain in this heading even if they have a coupling device for hauling or pushing light attachments such as a trailer.

However, the heading excludes portable machines for trimming lawns, cutting grass along walls, borders or under bushes, for example. These machines, which are composed of a self-contained internal combustion engine in a light metal frame, or of an electric motor mounted on a metal handle, and a cutting device usually consisting of one or more thin nylon threads, are classified in heading 84.67.

(B) MACHINES FOR CLEANING, SORTING OR GRADING EGGS,
FRUIT OR OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

The heading also covers machines, whether of horticultural, agricultural or industrial types, used for cleaning, sorting or grading produce, such as eggs, fruit, potatoes, onions, bulbs, carrots, asparagus and gherkins, according to size, shape, weight, etc. They remain classified in the heading whether or not they are electrically operated (e.g., photoelectric testers and graders), and they may be equipped with auxiliary devices (e.g., for testing eggs or for marking the produce).

Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading seed, grain or dried leguminous vegetables are excluded (heading 84.37).

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Certain machines of the type falling in this heading (e.g., harvesters, combines, threshers, pick-up balers, baling presses, grading machines) often incorporate subsidiary lifting, handling, conveying, etc., apparatus (e.g., conveyor belts, sheaf and straw hoists and bucket-chains); these are classified with the machine, provided they are presented therewith; when presented separately they fall in heading 84.28.
PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are also classified here, e.g.,:

Cutter bars, implement lifting mechanisms and fingers for mowers or harvesters; oscillating connecting-rods for transmitting motion to cutter bars of lawn mowers or grass cutters; separators, dividers, rakes, platforms, and binding mechanisms for harvester-binders; windrow attachments; cutter boards; beaters, counter-beaters, shakers, straw ejectors, etc., for combine harvesters or threshing machines; shares, teeth, forks and other tools for potato or other root crop lifting machines; drums and forks for hay tedders; teeth, implement lifting mechanisms for rakes; pick-up rakes for gathering machines or balers.

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This heading does not include:

(a) Cutting blades and blade sections for mowers (heading 82.08).

(b) Sheaf, straw or bag hoists; “blower type” hay or straw elevators; bucket or pneumatic type grain elevators; agricultural cranes or other loading, lifting, handling or conveying machinery (heading 84.26 or 84.28).

(c) Tree-felling or uprooting machinery and farm type straw cutters, root slicers, grain mills and egg testers (heading 84.36).

(d) Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading seed, grain or dried leguminous vegetables and machinery used in the milling industry, of heading 84.37.

(e) Cotton gins (heading 84.45).

(f) Tobacco leaf stripping or cutting machines (heading 84.78).


84.34 Milking machines and dairy machinery.
This heading covers mechanical milking machines, and other machinery, whether for farm or industrial purposes, used in the treatment of milk or for converting it into other dairy products.

(I) MILKING MACHINES

A milking machine comprises a cluster of teat-cups (each with a rubber liner) which are connected, by means of flexible tubing, on one side to a vacuum pump unit via a pulsator and on the other to a milk pail (usually of stainless metal). The pulsator, which is fixed to the lid of the milk pail, acts on the teat-cups by alternating atmospheric pressure with a comparative vacuum between the cups and the liners. The assembly formed by the teat-cup cluster, the pulsator and the milk pail is described as a “milking pail”.

In certain machines of smaller capacity, the milking pails and the vacuum pump unit may be on a common base (single or twin-pail machines).

In the machines of larger capacity, the various components are usually separate. A variable number of milking pails may be connected to the vacuum pump unit by piping. Certain types have no milk pails, the milk passing directly from the teat-cups to the cooling apparatus or storage tanks along a pipe-line, generally fixed. These types include milking robots, also known as voluntary milking systems. These systems, which incorporate all the equipment necessary for automatic milking, inter alia, a nimble robotic arm, electronic devices, a vacuum pump, a compressor, a washing machine, milk meters, etc., are designed for milking cows at their own initiative. Each cow wears a collar carrying a transponder that identifies it, so that the system can decide whether the animal is due to be milked. The milking is performed by a robotic arm fitted with a laser-assisted vision system that permits the milk extraction devices to be guided directly to the teats of the cow.

When presented together, the various components of such machines are classified in this heading as constituting a functional unit within the meaning of Note 4 to Section XVI (see the General Explanatory Note to that Section). However, apparatus and appliances which do not contribute directly to the milking function (filters, cooling devices, storage tanks, apparatus for cleaning the teat-cups and pipe-lines, etc.) are not classified in this heading but in their appropriate headings.
(II) MACHINES FOR PROCESSING MILK

This group includes homogenisers. These break up the fat into fine particles which are more readily digestible, and which also remain longer in a state of emulsion without the formation of cream.

The majority of machines for processing milk depend essentially on the principle of heat exchange and are therefore excluded (heading 84.19), e.g., apparatus for pasteurisation, stassanisation or sterilisation; apparatus for condensing or drying milk; milk coolers.

The heading further excludes:

(a) Refrigerating appliances (whether or not specially designed for cooling or keeping milk) and milk-cooling vats, incorporating an evaporator of a refrigerating unit (heading 84.18).

(b) Cream separators, filter-presses and other filtering or clarifying machinery or apparatus (heading 84.21). (Simple filter funnels and milk strainers are, however, classified according to the constituent material.)

(c) Machines for washing milk containers, and milk bottling or canning machines (heading 84.22).

(III) MACHINERY FOR CONVERTING MILK
INTO OTHER DAIRY PRODUCTS

It should be noted that cream separators are excluded (heading 84.21). The heading does, however, cover machines, used for the manufacture of butter or cheese. They include:

(A) Butter-making machines.
(B) Cheese-making machines.

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It should be noted that the heading excludes many machines and apparatus used in the dairy industry. For example, storage, maturing, processing, etc., vats and tanks whose operation depends primarily on fitted heating or cooling equipment fall in heading 84.18 or 84.19, whether or not they also incorporate mechanical equipment such as agitators. Vats, etc., not fitted with heating or cooling equipment, but incorporating mechanical features such as stirrers, agitators, tipping mechanisms, etc., are classified in this heading provided they are identifiable as specialized for dairy use. If they are not identifiable as for any one particular use, they are classified in heading 84.79. Vats, etc., not fitted with either thermal or mechanical equipment are classified as articles of the constituent material (e.g., heading 73.09, 73.10, 74.19, 76.11, or 76.12).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are also classified here, e.g. :

Pails, lids, pulsators, teat-cups and fittings (other than rubber liners, etc. - heading 40.16) for milking machines; butter churn barrels; rollers and tables for butter workers; moulds for butter and cheese moulding machines.

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The heading excludes domestic appliances falling in heading 82.10 or 85.09.


84.35 Presses, crushers and similar machinery used in the manufacture of wine, cider, fruit juices or similar beverages.
The heading covers both agricultural and industrial type machines used for making wine, cider, perry, fruit juices or similar beverages whether or not fermented.
The heading includes, inter alia:

(A) Juice extracting machines, hand or power operated, for juices not intended for fermentation (e.g., juices of citrus fruit, peaches, apricots, pineapples, berries or tomatoes).

(B) Apple or pear crushers, hand or power operated. They consist of a hopper which feeds fruit to the grating mechanism or crushing cylinders.

(C) Mechanical or hydraulic cider presses, including “mobile” presses mounted on wheeled trolleys.

(D) Grape pressing or crushing machines, e.g.:
(E) Crumbling or disintegrating machines fitted with toothed cylinders or revolving blades which break up cakes of compressed marc before further pressing.

Machines used for the processing of juice, must, wine, cider and perry are excluded, for example:

(a) Coolers, sterilisers, pasteurisers and concentrating apparatus (heading 84.19).

(b) Centrifuges, filter presses and other filtering or clarifying machinery or plant (heading 84.21). (Simple filter funnels are, however, classified according to the constituent material.)

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here, e.g.,:

Crushing cylinders for juice extractors; toothed cylinders and graters for apple crushers; cylinders for grape pressing or stemming machines; special pulp containers (“claies”) and press base plate juice collectors (“maies”) for wine presses; screw heads, pressing plates and frames for wine presses, etc.; toothed cylinders and blades for marc crumbling machines, etc.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Fruit juice extractors of the types falling in heading 44.19, 82.10 or 85.09.

(b) Wine, fruit juice, cider, etc., pumps, even if specialized (heading 84.13).

(c) Centrifuges for separating the wine from the marc (heading 84.21).

(d) Bottling, corking or other machinery falling in heading 84.22, including steam jet appliances for cleaning barrels, etc.

(e) Conveyors for fruit (heading 84.26 or 84.28).

(f) Fruit peeling, paring or stoning machines (heading 84.38).


84.36 Other agricultural, horticultural, forestry, poultry-keeping or bee-keeping machinery, including germination plant fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; poultry incubators and brooders.
The heading covers machinery, not falling in headings 84.32 to 84.35, which is of the type used on farms (including agricultural schools, co-operatives or testing stations), in forestry, market gardens, or poultry-keeping or bee-keeping farms or the like. However, it excludes machines clearly of a kind designed for industrial use.


(I) OTHER AGRICULTURAL, HORTICULTURAL OR FORESTRY
MACHINERY; GERMINATION PLANT

These include:

(A) Seed dusting machines usually consisting of one or more hoppers feeding a revolving metal drum in which the seeds are coated with insecticidal or fungicidal powders.
(B) Fertiliser crushing or mixing mills.

(C) Machines for cutting slips from vines, fruit trees, etc.

(D) Hedge cutting machines.

(E) Machines and appliances for preparing fodder, etc., such as:
(F) Automatic watering-troughs for cattle, horses, pigs, etc., e.g., those consisting of a metal basin fitted with a hinged plate which, when depressed by the animal’s muzzle, permits an inflow of water.

(G) Mechanical clippers for animals.

(H) Forestry machines, such as:
(IJ) Germination appliances (e.g. “germinators”) provided they are fitted with mechanical features (e.g., pumps, motors or fans) or thermal equipment. Simple chests not so equipped are excluded (classified according to the constituent material).

The heading does not cover:

(a) Cutting blades and knives for root slicers, straw cutters, etc. (heading 82.08).

(b) Machinery and plant operating by processes involving a change of temperature (heading 84.19). For example, heading 84.19 covers such hay driers, autoclaves for potatoes, fodder, etc., but germination plant, incubators and brooders with thermal equipment remain in this heading.

(c) Mechanical appliances for projecting, dispersing or spraying liquids or powders (heading 84.24).

(d) Pneumatic or “ blower ” type elevators; winches for uprooting, dragging or loading trees, logs, etc.; and other hoisting, handling or conveying equipment (heading 84.25, 84.26 or 84.28).

(e) Machines for boring holes for planting trees; bulldozers and angledozers for felling or clearing (heading 84.29 or 84.30).

(f) Industrial type sugar beet slicing machines (heading 84.38).

(g) Wood chip cutting machines of heading 84.39.

(h) Water-jet bark strippers (heading 84.24) and wood de-barking machinery (heading 84.65 or 84.79).

(ij) Machine-tools for working wood (heading 84.65 or 84.67).

(k) Vacuum cleaner type grooming apparatus for horses or cattle (heading 85.08).

(l) Tractors specially designed for hauling logs (log skidders) (heading 87.01).

(m) Mechanical calfing aids (heading 90.18).

(n) Anti-hail guns (heading 93.03).

(II) POULTRY-KEEPING MACHINES, INCUBATORS AND BROODERS

These include:

(A) Incubators. These machines are fitted with devices permitting eggs, placed in trays, to be automatically turned in an atmosphere where temperature, air flow and air humidity conditions can be exactly controlled. They may work in conjunction with a control system which may be linked to a personal ADP machine in order to optimise the incubation result. Some incubators, known as combi-incubators, incorporate hatcher functions.

(B) Hatchers. In these machines, which incorporate devices for controlled heating and air circulation, the eggs are placed in baskets or special trays for hatching.

(C) Brooders, larger appliances with heating and cooling devices, used for rearing young chicks.

(D) Rearing and laying units or “batteries”, large installations equipped with automatic devices for filling the feeding troughs, cleaning the floors and collecting the eggs.

(E) Egg candlers (or testers) with mechanical features (including photo-electric testers), other than static testing lamps.
(F) Sexing and vaccination equipment, enabling hatcheries to separate chicks of different sex and to vaccinate them. These machines are not designed to be used by veterinary surgeons.
The heading does not include machines, known as chick counting and boxing systems, for automatically counting and placing chicks in boxes (heading 84.22); the handling of the chicks is the primary function, the counting being merely a secondary function permitting to place in a box a fixed number of chicks, predetermined in accordance with the size of the box.

(III) BEE-KEEPING MACHINES

These include:

(A) Honey presses.

(B) Machines for forming wax into comb foundations.

The heading does not cover:

(a) Beehives, classified according to the constituent material (usually heading 44.21).

(b) Hot water baths for re-melting honeycombs, including those with pressing screws (heading 84.19).

(c) Centrifugal type honey extractors (heading 84.21).

(d) Liquid or powder sprayers or smoking-out apparatus of heading 84.24.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts for the above-mentioned machines.

84.37 Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading seed, grain or dried leguminous vegetables; machinery used in the milling industry or for the working of cereals or dried leguminous vegetables, other than farm-type machinery.
(I) MACHINES FOR CLEANING, SORTING OR GRADING SEED,
GRAIN OR DRIED LEGUMINOUS VEGETABLES

This heading covers machines, whether of horticultural, agricultural or industrial types, of a kind used for cleaning, sorting or grading cereal grains, dried leguminous vegetables, seeds, etc., by winnowing, blowing, sieving, etc. Such machines include:

(1) Fanning mills consisting of a feeding hopper, a blower and sieves (usually vibrating).

(2) Grading winnowers, rotating winnowers and seed or grain selectors, more complex machines which clean by means of air currents, and grade the seed or grain according to weight, size or shape. Some seed selectors, etc., incorporate auxiliary devices for coating the seeds with insecticide powders, etc.

(3) Sieving belts, often used for cleaning beet seed. They consist of a series of rolls operating an endless inclined belt running under a feeding hopper. The seeds roll freely to the bottom of the belt but the light vegetable waste adheres to the plushy surface of the belt fabric.

(4) Special machines for selecting and grading seed for planting.

This heading also covers machinery used in the milling industry for cleaning, sorting or grading grain prior to milling. Some of these machines are based on the same principles as the winnowing, screening and grading machines described above, but are designed for larger output and are specialised for the milling industry, e.g.:

(1) Cyclone separators for cleaning the grain.

(2) Machines for cleaning and grading by the action of revolving pocketed or perforated drums.
(3) Aspirator separators with oscillating sieves.

(4) Separators and graders of the magnetic or electro-magnetic types.

(5) Washing, stone-removing and “whizzing” machines, with or without subsidiary drying columns.

(6) Grain brushing machines.

(7) Grain dampening machines, whether or not incorporating heating or weighing apparatus.

The heading also includes combined machines which clean, sort and grade simultaneously, including machines incorporating devices for electro-magnetic separation.

(II) MACHINERY USED IN THE MILLING INDUSTRY

In addition to machinery for cleaning, sorting or grading grain prior to milling (see Part (I) above), the following are included as machinery used in the milling industry:

(A) Certain machines for mixing or preparing grain prior to milling, e.g.:
(B) Grinding or crushing machinery, e.g.:
(C) Machinery for the sorting or separation of flour from sharps or middlings. This group includes machines for separating the flour, meal, middlings, sharps, etc., produced by milling. This separation is effected by a series of operations carried out on the following types of machines which are often used in series:

(III) MACHINERY USED FOR THE WORKING OF CEREALS
OR DRIED LEGUMINOUS VEGETABLES

The working referred to is generally preceded by preliminary cleaning, sorting or grading (see Part (I) above).

This group includes:

(1) Machines for husking cereals or dried leguminous vegetables.

(2) Rice hulling or polishing machines.

(3) Machines for splitting dried peas, lentils or beans.

(4) Machines for preparing rolled or flaked oats, etc., whether or not incorporating auxiliary heating devices.

(5) Special milling and grinding machines for milling cereals (other than bread grains, see Part (I) (B) above) or dried leguminous vegetables into flour.

(6) “Bearding” machines and “clipping” machines designed to remove the “beards” or “points” from barley or oat grains.

This part of the heading does not cover:

(a) Machinery or plant operating by heat exchange (e.g., steamers, drying apparatus or roasting plant for the manufacture of puffed or toasted grain; plant for malting barley, for roasting flour, etc.) (heading 84.19).

(b) Machines for processes beyond the flour-making stage (e.g., bakery, preserving or macaroni-making) (heading 84.38).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the goods of this heading are also classified here, e.g.,:

Sieves and sieve frames for the bread grain milling industry (other than bolting cloth, whether or not made up – heading 59.11); mixing or separating cylinders, rollers for bread grain mills, or converters, etc.

Millstones are, however, excluded (heading 68.04).


84.38 Machinery, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter, for the industrial preparation or manufacture of food or drink, other than machinery for the extraction or preparation of animal or fixed vegetable fats or oils. This heading covers machinery, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter, for the industrial preparation or manufacture of food or drink (whether for immediate consumption or preserving, and whether for human or animal consumption), but not including machinery for the extraction or preparation of animal or fixed vegetable fats or oils (heading 84.79).

It should, however, be noted that in practice the heading excludes many machines used for these purposes, e.g.,:

(a) Domestic appliances (e.g., meat mincing machines and bread cutting machines) falling in heading 82.10 or 85.09.

(b) Industrial or laboratory ovens (heading 84.17 or 85.14).

(c) Cooking, roasting, steaming, etc., machinery and plant (heading 84.19).

(d) Centrifuges and filters (heading 84.21).

(e) Bottling, canning, packing, etc., machinery (heading 84.22).

(f) Machinery for the milling industry (heading 84.37).

(I) BAKERY MACHINERY

Such machinery is used for the manufacture of bread, biscuits, pastries, cakes, etc. It includes:

(1) Dough or pastry mixers. These consist essentially of rotating or stationary receptacles equipped with fixed or moving arms or blades for kneading the dough. Certain high speed mixers are often fitted with water-cooled jackets.

(2) Dough-dividing machines consist of receptacles in which the dough, delivered through a hopper, is divided mechanically into portions of equal size. These machines sometimes incorporate devices for weighing or rolling the dough.

(3) Moulding machines for forming the portions of divided dough to the required shapes ready for baking.

(4) Slicing machines for bread, cake, etc.

(5) Machines designed for “crumbing” dry bread.

(6) Cutting, shaping, sawing or filling machines for biscuits, cakes, etc.

(7) Cake depositing machines designed to deliver given quantities of cake batter into cake shapes.

The heading excludes:

(a) Bakery ovens (heading 84.17 or 85.14).

(b) Pastry rolling machines of heading 84.20.

(II) MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF MACARONI,
SPAGHETTI, OR SIMILAR PRODUCTS

This group includes:

(1) Mixing machines for preparing macaroni paste.

(2) Machines for cutting or stamping out special shapes from the rolled pastry in sheet form. These machines often incorporate devices for rolling the pastry.

(3) Continuous extruding presses for macaroni, spaghetti, etc. Letters, figures and other special shapes can be produced with extruding machines equipped with suitably shaped dies; the dough is then cut off to the desired thickness by a revolving knife fitted on the outside of the dieplate.

(4) Machines for filling ravioli, etc.

(5) Machines for twisting macaroni, vermicelli, etc., in hanks, etc.

The heading excludes:

(a) Macaroni pre-drying or drying machines (heading 84.19).

(b) Machines for rolling macaroni dough, pastry, etc., into sheet form (heading 84.20).

(III) MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CONFECTIONERY

This group includes:

(1) Grinding or crushing machines for the preparation of icing sugar.

(2) Confectionery mixing machines. These usually consist essentially of receptacles fitted with mechanical stirrers or grinders, and are often fitted with heating or cooling coils or jackets.

(3) “Pulling” machines used for kneading plastic sugar mixtures by means of crank-shaped revolving arms.

(4) Dragee pans. These consist of hemispherical pans, usually of copper or glass, which rotate on an inclined axis and thus coat hard centres (e.g., almonds) with sugar, chocolate, etc. The heading covers such dragee pans whether they are heated from an external source (hot air blast, independent gas burner, etc.), or whether the pans themselves incorporate heating elements.

(5) Machines designed for moulding, cutting or shaping confectionery.

This heading does not include sugar boilers or other heating plant (heading 84.19) or cooling plant (heading 84.18 or 84.19).

(IV) MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF COCOA
OR CHOCOLATE

This group includes:

(1) Machines for husking, for removing the germ, or for crushing the roasted beans into “nibs”.

(2) Machines for mixing, kneading or grinding the crushed beans and resultant paste to give the “cocoa mass”.

(3) Presses for extracting cocoa butter from the “cocoa mass”. These machines always incorporate provision for heating the paste to facilitate the butter extraction.

(4) Machines for preparing cocoa powder by grinding the cakes left after cocoa butter extraction. Normally these machines also sieve and grade the powder, and sometimes mix it with other products to improve the aroma or solubility.

(5) Machines for mixing cocoa butter, cocoa powder, sugar, etc. These machines often incorporate apparatus for measuring the quantities to be mixed.

(6) Machines for rolling and refining the mixture.

(7) Conches. These consist essentially of containers fitted with heating equipment and power driven rollers, grinders, etc., so that the constituents of the mixture are thoroughly intermingled and heat-treated.

(8) Machines which, prior to moulding, homogenise the chocolate and deliver it in regular portions by pressure and extrusion.

(9) Tabletting and moulding machines, usually incorporating vibrator devices. These machines also often contain heating elements in the pouring section, and provision for cooling the moulds.

(10) Enrobing machines consist essentially of a conveyor belt on which biscuits, sweets or other centres are coated by passing them through sprays or molten baths of chocolate or confectionery. These machines always incorporate heating elements.

(V) MACHINERY FOR SUGAR MANUFACTURE

The type of machinery used for extracting the sugar juices depends on whether sugar cane or sugar beet is employed. The machines used for extracting the sugar from the juice are, however, much the same in each case.

(A) Machines for extracting the juice from sugar cane, e.g.: (B) Machines for extracting the juice from sugar beet, e.g.:
(C) Machines for extracting the sugar from the juice, or for refining the sugar, e.g.:
The heading excludes:

(a) Defecation vessels, juice concentration plant, vacuum boiling or crystallising pans and other plant of heading 84.19.

(b) Centrifugal separators and filter presses (heading 84.21).

(VI) BREWERY MACHINERY

This group includes:

(1) Sprouting or germination machines fitted with slow stirring devices, rotating drums or similar mechanical features.

(2) Rotating cylinders for removing the shoots from the malt after kilning and screening machines.

(3) Malt crushing machines.

(4) Mashing vats provided they contain mechanical agitators, etc., and no heating equipment. In these the crushed malt is mashed with water so that the starch content is converted into sugar (saccharification).

(5) Straining vats, large containers fitted with stirrers or agitators, and with a perforated double bottom to separate the brewers’ grains from the wort.

The heading also includes, as functional units within the meaning of Note 4 to Section XVI, brewhouse machinery, comprising, inter alia, sprouting or germination machines, malt crushing machines, mashing vats, straining vats. Auxiliary appliances (e.g., bottling machines, label-printing machines) are, however, not included and should be classified in their own appropriate heading (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI).

The heading excludes:

(a) Fermenting vats without mechanical or cooling equipment; these are classified according to the constituent materials.

(b) Malt drying plant; macerating vessels and mashing vats with heating equipment; vessels for the decoction of the hops, or for boiling the hop decoction with the wort (heading 84.19); fermenting vats with cooling coils and beer coolers (heading 84.18 or 84.19).

(c) Filter presses (heading 84.21).

(VII) MACHINERY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MEAT OR POULTRY

This group includes:

(1) Machinery for the slaughter and subsequent treatment of animals.

(2) Hog de-hairing machines. These consist of a revolving cradle which holds the carcass, and of a number of belt scrapers turning in the opposite direction to the cradle.

(3) Meat cutting or chopping machines for cutting up carcasses, etc., by the action of circular saws, rotating knives, etc.

(4) Machines for sawing or chopping bones.

(5) Meat beating machines to make the flesh more tender by the action of pointed or bladed combs which sever the nerve fibres.

(6) Meat mincing or dicing machines.

(7) Gut cleaning machines.

(8) Sausage stuffing machines. These consist essentially of a cylindrical container from which the meat is forced by a piston into the sausage casing.

(9) Meat or bacon slicing machines.

(10) Meat or fat moulding presses.

(11) Machines and appliances for killing, plucking or drawing poultry (electric stunning and bleeding knife, high-output poultry pluckers, eviscerating apparatus, gizzard strippers and lung extractors).

(12) Meat pickling machinery comprising hand-operated brine injection guns connected to a pump, or a fully automatic conveyor device which feeds the meat to a grid consisting of brine injection needles.

The heading excludes boilers, autoclaves, heating cupboards and similar plant or machinery of heading 84.19.

(VIII) MACHINERY FOR THE PREPARATION OF FRUITS,
NUTS OR VEGETABLES

This group includes:

(A) Peeling machines, e.g.:
(B) Machines for shelling peas or similar vegetables. These usually consist of a revolving perforated drum fitted with beaters.

(C) Machines for cutting off the ends of green beans.

(D) Machines for removing the stalks, etc., from currants, gooseberries, cherries, grapes, etc.

(E) Machines for removing the stones, pips, etc., from fruit.

(F) Machines for shelling nuts, etc.

(G) Machines for grating or cutting fresh or dried fruit, vegetables, manioc, etc.

(H) Machines for cutting or salting cabbage for sauerkraut.

(IJ) Machines for pulping fruit or vegetables for the preparation of jams, sauces, tomato purée, etc., but not including presses for fruit juices (e.g., peaches, grapefruit and tomatoes) (heading 84.35).

The heading excludes:

(a) Flame or radiant heat peelers (heading 84.17).

(b) Fruit blanching plant, heating plant for the preparation of potato flakes and other plant of heading 84.19.

(c) Fruit or vegetable grading machines (heading 84.33).

(IX) MACHINES FOR PREPARING FISH, SHELL FISH, ETC.

This group includes:

(1) Machines for scaling, skinning, gutting or for removing heads, tails, bones, etc.

(2) Machines for opening the fish, slicing or cutting it into fillets, etc.

(3) Machines for shelling or cutting up shell fish.

(4) Grinding machines for preparing fish flour from dried fish.

The heading does not cover frying, smoking or curing plant, or other machinery or plant of heading 84.19.

(X) OTHER MACHINERY FOR THE INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION
OR MANUFACTURE OF FOOD OR DRINK

This group includes:

(1) Mechanical appliances for acetification (used in vinegar-making).

(2) Coffee bean husking or hulling machines (cylinder, disc or blade types).

(3) Extracting machines, of the spiked roller type, for extracting the essential oil from oranges.

(4) Tea-leaf cutting or rolling machines.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the parts of the machinery of this heading are also classified here (for example, moulds (pans) used in continuous process bread-making, moulds for confectionery moulding machines, moulds for chocolate moulding machines and extrusion dies, of bronze or brass, for use in extruding presses for the manufacture of macaroni, spaghetti, or similar products).


84.39 Machinery for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material or for making or finishing paper or paperboard.
This heading covers machinery for making fibrous cellulosic pulp from various cellulosic materials (wood, straw, bagasse, waste paper, etc.) whether the pulp is for paper or paperboard making or for other purposes (e.g., for the manufacture of viscose rayon, certain building boards or explosives). It also covers machinery for making paper or paperboard whether from previously prepared pulp (e.g., mechanical or chemical wood pulp), or directly from the raw materials (wood, straw, bagasse, waste paper, etc.). The heading also covers machines for finishing the paper or paperboard ready for its various uses, other than the printing machines of heading 84.43.
(I) MACHINERY FOR MAKING PULP OF FIBROUS
CELLULOSIC MATERIAL

This group includes:

(A) Machines for the preliminary treatment of the raw materials in the process of pulp making, e.g.:
(B) Strainers. In these the dilute pulp passes through screens leaving behind any fibres insufficiently ground and any knots, lumps, dirt, etc. Those operated by centrifugal action, however, are excluded (heading 84.21).

(C) Wet lappers (presse-pâte machines). In these the pulpy mass of wood fibres, whether from the mechanical grinders or from the chemical digesters, is concentrated and formed into sheets.

(D) Refiners. These usually comprise a cone shaped case with internal revolving bars which break up any large fibres or lumps and allow the stock that is already sufficiently beaten to pass straight through.

(E) Crushers and grinders which treat previously prepared paper pulp with a view to producing a cellulosic pulp specially constituted for a particular application (for example, preparation of nitrocellulose).

(II) MACHINERY FOR MAKING PAPER OR PAPERBOARD

This group includes:

(A) Machines for forming the stock into continuous sheets of paper or paperboard (e.g., Fourdrinier machines or twin wire machines). These are very complex machines. They consist of regulators for feeding the stock to the head box, a slice at the output end of the head box for distributing the stock onto an endless band, usually a woven fabric of synthetic monofilaments, supported on a breast roll or a forming roll, foils, table rolls, shake mechanism, suction boxes, dandy rolls for watermarking, couch rolls for increasing the dry solids content and consolidating the paper, press rolls forming at least one press nip, one press roll may include a press shoe and a surrounding, rotable belt loop, in which the paper is pressed against one or between two endless felt belts or other process belts, drying rolls, steam boxes, etc., and usually also calender rolls and reeling devices, etc.

(B) Vat machines. These are similar in principle to those at (A) but, instead of the pulp flowing out on to an endless band of wire cloth, it is picked up from a vat on a revolving cylinder of wire cloth from which it is transferred to a felt band and then on to press rolls (sometimes of the suction type) and finally to a series of drying cylinders. The paper or paperboard is produced either in the form of continuous web or in sheets. In certain of these machines, sheets of paperboard are formed by the layer of pulp winding round and round a cylinder. When a sufficient thickness is built up, it is cut off in the form of sheets, either by hand or mechanically along the length of the cylinder.

(C) Machines for the manufacture of multi-layered paper, board or paperboard. These machines consist of different combinations of Fourdrinier formers or twin wire formers. The different web layers are produced simultaneously and are joined in a humid state in the machine, as a rule without a binder.

(D) Sample drawing apparatus for making paper samples intended for testing. These machines are sometimes called “sample drawing machines” for controlling manufacture.

(III) MACHINERY FOR FINISHING PAPER OR PAPERBOARD

This group includes:

(A) Reeling machines. Some of these at the same time stretch and smooth the paper and discharge any static electricity.

(B) Machines (other than calenders) for applying various kinds of surface coatings, inorganic or organic pigment layers, size, gum, silicon, wax, etc.; for coating carbon papers or photographic papers; for coating paper with textile dust, cork or mica powder, etc., for wallpapers.

(C) Machines for impregnating paper or paperboard with oil, plastics, etc., and machines for making bituminised or tarred roofing papers.

(D) Ruling machines working by means of small discs or steel pens fed from an ink bath, but not printing machines of heading 84.43.

(E) Crêping machines. These normally consist of a metal scraper or doctor which scrapes the paper from a heated cylinder, so that crinkling of the paper occurs. However, crêping is usually carried out in the papermaking machine.

(F) Machines for humidifying paper (also called “paper conditioners”) in which the entire surface of the paper or paperboard is exposed to humid air.

(G) Machines for graining and embossing (however, calenders used for the same purpose fall in heading 84.20).

(H) Corrugating machines, may be combined with a laminating device.

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Certain paper-finishing machines (e.g., for coating, laminating or reeling), may also be suitable for use in the working of metal foil, plastic sheets, woven fabric, etc., but they remain in this heading provided they are of a type mainly used for paper or paperboard.

Composite machines of this heading sometimes incorporate certain machines falling in other headings of the Chapter (e.g., filters for recovery of fibres and loading material from waste waters (heading 84.21), calenders of all kinds (for smoothing, glazing, embossing, etc.) (heading 84.20), paper cutting machines (heading 84.41)). Provided they are presented together, such component machines are classified with the composite machines in this heading, but if presented separately they are classified in their respective headings.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Boilers for rags, straw, etc.; boilers (digesters) for the preparation of chemical wood pulp; steam heated cylinder and other drying machines (heading 84.19).

(b) Water-jet bark strippers (heading 84.24) and wood de-barking machinery (heading 84.65 or 84.79).

(c) Printing machines (heading 84.43).

(d) Rag pickers, pulling or garnetting machines (heading 84.45).

(e) Machines for the manufacture of vulcanised fibre (heading 84.77).

(f) Machines for coating abrasives on to paper, cloth, wood, etc. (heading 84.79).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machinery of this heading are also classified here, e.g.:

Backfalls; bedplates and beater bars for beaters; couch rolls; suction boxes; cylinders for vat machines; dandy rolls.

The following are not, however, regarded as parts of this heading:

(a) Endless belts of textile materials, for Fourdrinier machines and twin wire machines, and felt roller covers (heading 59.11).

(b) Edge-runner stones, grinding stones, bedplates and backfalls and other parts of basalt, lava or natural stone (heading 68.04 or 68.15).

(c) Endless belts of woven copper or bronze wire (e.g., Fourdrinier wire) (heading 74.19).

(d) Machine knives and cutting blades (heading 82.08).

(e) Calender rolls (heading 84.20).


84.40 Book-binding machinery, including book-sewing machines.
This heading covers machines used in the manufacture of books (including booklets, brochures, periodicals, writing-books and the like).

The heading includes:

(1) Leaf-folding machines for book-binding. These fold large sheets of paper a number of times to give a size suitable for pages. They remain here even if they can also be used for other folding operations.

(2) Stapling machines and wire-stitching machines, including those also usable in the manufacture of cardboard boxes or the like.

(3) Gathering and stitching machines. In these the sheets are laid by hand on a conveyor-chain, gathered in sections, headed up and then delivered to the stitching head.

(4) Rolling or hammering machines. These press the folded leaves of unbound volumes before sewing.

(5) Machines used to “grecquer” the backs of unsewn books, i.e., to make shallow cuts in the back of the volume for receiving the cross threads.

(6) Book-sewing machines, including both simple types for sewing only, and very complicated machines which consist of a feeder to place the folded sheets into the machine, a sewing device equipped to sew the sheets together and usually to place a textile reinforcement over the back.

(7) Machines for flattening or rounding the backs before covering.

(8) Machines for gluing strips of paper or textile on to loose pages which are to be incorporated into a book, or on to maps to be assembled into atlases, in order to make binding practicable.

(9) Machines for gluing paper covers on to cheap books, brochures, etc.

(10) Machines for the manufacture of book covers. These usually include feeders to bring in the necessary sheets of paper, cardboard, book cloth, etc., a gluing device and a press, and also sometimes provision for heating and drying.

(11) Machines for flattening the finished book covers. These consist of a roller system and tables.

(12) Machines for fixing the stitched volumes of books, etc., into the covers by gluing and pressing. Some machines are equipped with a device to insert loose pictures, designs, maps or the like.

(13) Machines for gilding or colouring the edges of books.

(14) Machines for stamping or gilding letters or designs on book covers and sometimes also on other goods (e.g., leather goods), but excluding general purpose presses (heading 84.79) and printing presses using interchangeable characters assembled in blocks (heading 84.43).

(15) Page numbering machines (e.g., for registers and ledgers).

(16) Machines for assembling pages more or less permanently by means of metal or plastic spirals (or rings) passing through perforations in the pages. They normally consist of a perforating appliance and a spiralling device.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are also classified here.

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The heading excludes:

(a) Tables, usually of wood, with a screw device for holding the cross threads, used in the hand sewing of books (heading 44.21).

(b) Knives for cutting machines (heading 82.08).

(c) Machines for folding paper or cardboard (other than page-folding for books); machines for cutting or grooving paper or cardboard; machines for trimming bound or stitched books, periodicals, brochures, etc.; machines for trimming edges and corners of books or for making thumb-indexing insets; machines for stacking sheets of paper; stapling machines suitable only for cardboard box manufacture (heading 84.41).

(d) Margin setting, folding or page signature marking machines for use with printing machines (heading 84.43).

(e) Textile cutting machines (heading 84.51).

(f) Needles for sewing machines (heading 84.52).

(g) Machines for working leather used in book-binding (heading 84.53).

(h) Stapling machines of a kind used in offices to fix documents together (heading 84.72).


84.41 Other machinery for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard, including cutting machines of all kinds.
This heading covers all machinery used for cutting, and (apart from the book-binding machinery) all machinery for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard after it has been manufactured, ranging from machines for cutting into the widths required or into sheets of commercial sizes to those for the manufacture of various made up articles.

The heading includes:

(1) Paper trimming and cutting machines (including multi-blade cutting machines) for cutting out sheets. These include reel and square cutting machines used with the paper-making machines, trimming machines for books or brochures, machines for rounding the corners of books or making thumb-indexing insets, and paper shears, “ guillotines ”, and apparatus for cutting photographic prints on paper or paperboard mounts for photographs, but not film cutting machines and apparatus, of a kind used in photographic or cinematographic laboratories (heading 90.10).

(2) Machines for die-cutting (confetti, labels, lace paper, index cards, window envelopes, box shapes, etc.).

(3) Machines for cutting, outlining or grooving paperboard for cartons, boxes, file covers, etc.

(4) Machines for making paper bags.

(5) Machines for making envelopes (cutting, folding, lining, etc.).

(6) Machines for making folding cartons and boxes.

(7) Machines for stapling boxes and similar articles, other than simple wire stapling machines which can be used equally for book-binding or for box-making (heading 84.40).

(8) Other machines for making cartons and boxes.

(9) Winding machines for manufacture of paper tubes, spools, sleeves, insulating tubing, cartridge cases, etc.

(10) Machines for forming waxed paper cups, containers, etc., usually with a seam-making and gluing device.

(11) Machines for moulding articles in paper pulp, paper or paperboard (packing for eggs; plates or dishes for confectionery or camping, toys, etc.); although usually fitted with a heating device these machines remain in this heading.

(12) Winders (slitter-winders), for unwinding reels of paper, slitting the paper into bands (slits) of the required width and rewinding it.

(13) Stacking machines for arranging sheets, cards, etc., in orderly piles.

(14) Perforating machines, including those for perforating lines (needle perforations, oblong (or slotted) perforations, etc.) for stamps, toilet paper, etc.

(15) Machines for folding, other than page folding machines of heading 84.40.

(16) Composite machines which cut, fold, interleave and pack cigarette papers.

The heading does not, however, include simple mechanical or hydraulic presses which are often used for this purpose (heading 84.79).

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Some of the machines of this heading, in particular the paper-bag or box-folding machines, may be equipped with a printing device. In accordance with Note 3 to Section XVI such machines remain classified in this heading provided the printing is not the principal function of the machine.

It should also be noted that some machines described above (such as cutting, folding or bag-making machines) may also be suitable for use in making up certain plastics or thin sheet metal. Such machines remain in this heading provided they are of a type normally used for making up paper or paperboard.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are also classified here.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Drying stoves for drying made up articles of cardboard (heading 84.19).

(b) Packing machines (e.g., for chocolate) that also make and print paperboard containers (cartons, etc.) (heading 84.22).

(c) Machines for twisting paper strips into yarn (heading 84.45).

(d) Sewing machines for the manufacture of paper bags (heading 84.52).

(e) Punching machines used for punching holes in paper cards or documents and paper shredders of a kind used in offices for destroying confidential documents (heading 84.72).

(f) Eyeletting machines and machines for waxing paper cups and containers, etc., by immersion (heading 84.79).


84.42 Machinery, apparatus and equipment (other than the machine-tools of headings 84.56 to 84.65) for preparing or making plates, cylinders or other printing components; plates, cylinders and other printing components; plates, cylinders and lithographic stones, prepared for printing purposes (for example, planed, grained or polished).
Apart from certain exclusions referred to later, this heading includes :

(1) The printing parts of printing machinery, for example, plates and cylinders, engraved or otherwise prepared for printing, used to print texts or illustrations (by hand or by the machines of heading 84.43); and prepared lithographic stones, cylinders and plates (i.e., those prepared so as to be suitable for engraving or otherwise receiving an image for subsequent use in printing).

(2) The machines, apparatus and accessories used to make the printing parts referred to above, or used to assemble (compose) it for use in printing, whether by hand or mechanically.

This heading covers equipment used in the printing of texts, illustrations or repetitive designs, etc., whether on paper, textiles, linoleum, leather or on other materials, by printing processes, viz.:

(I) Relief printing: by using relief photo-engraved plates. In this process, the relief parts of the character or image are inked.

(II) Planographic printing: by lithography, photo-lithography or by offset printing. The printing ink is applied only to certain specially prepared parts of the plane surface of the printing plate, etc. This category of printing also includes stencilling.

(III) Intaglio printing: by rotogravure, or by means of etched or engraved metal plates. The printing ink is accumulated in the engraved or etched parts.

(A) MACHINERY, APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT (OTHER THAN
THE MACHINE-TOOLS OF HEADINGS 84.56 TO 84.65)
FOR PREPARING OR MAKING PLATES, CYLINDERS OR
OTHER PRINTING COMPONENTS

This heading includes:

(1) Machines for making printing plates by direct reproduction from a document. In these machines, a photocell scans the document, and the impulses transmitted by an electronic device from that cell activate a tool which engraves a plate of plastics.

(2) Machines for acid etching plates or cylinders. These consist of special vats fitted with stirrers.

(3) Machines for sensitising offset zinc plates (horizontal whirlers), generally fitted with an electric heating device.

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The heading covers only phototype-setting or composing machines which actually set type, even if the type is photographed after it has been set. However, the heading excludes photographic cameras, photographic enlargers or reducers, photographic contact printers and similar photographic apparatus for preparing printing plates or cylinders (Chapter 90), for example:

(a) vertical or horizontal process cameras mounted on a hanging frame (bed) or a sliding bed, cameras for three colour printing;

(b) photographic enlargers and reducers, reproduction apparatus and printing frames;

(c) light tables used for planning layouts or for contact printing.

Some of these apparatus use half-tone or similar finely cross-lined glass or plastics screens, glass or plastics colour filters for colour printing or screen or filter holders.

(B) PLATES, CYLINDERS AND OTHER PRINTING
COMPONENTS; PLATES, CYLINDERS AND
LITHOGRAPHIC STONES, PREPARED FOR PRINTING PURPOSES
(FOR EXAMPLE, PLANED, GRAINED OR POLISHED)

This heading includes:

(1) Relief or intaglio plates engraved by hand, mechanically or by acid. These may be of wood, linoleum, copper, steel, etc.

(2) Lithographic stones. The illustration is either hand-drawn or photographically transferred and prepared with acid.

(3) Offset printing plates of zinc or aluminium or similar flexible metal sheets on which the design is reproduced in the flat, i.e., neither in relief nor intaglio.

(4) Engraved or etched cylinders.

(5) Plates and dies for relief stamping or printing, e.g., for machines which emboss, with or without also inking, letter heads, visiting cards, etc.

Providedthey have been treated so as to render them suitable for engraving or impressing, lithographic stones, metal plates and cylinders, even though not engraved or impressed, are also included in this heading, e.g.,:

(6) Planed or grained lithographic stones.

(7) Metal plates or sheets prepared for engraving (by planing, graining or polishing).

(8) Perfectly polished or grained surface metal cylinders. These cylinders, usually of cast iron, are generally electroplated with copper, or else have a copper covering consisting of assembled removable sleeves.

(9) Metal or plastic masters for use on office-type offset printing machines. The top edge of the sheets has usually been processed to permit attachment to the drum of the machine.

Sensitised plates (e.g., consisting of metal or plastics, coated with a sensitised photographic emulsion, or of a sheet of photosensitive plastics, whether or not affixed to a support of metal or other material) are excluded (heading 37.01).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machines of this heading.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Stencils of zinc, plastics, cardboard, etc., for use in stencil printing machines (classified according to the constituent material).

(b) Copying or transfer papers, bearing texts or designs for reproduction (heading 48.16).

(c) Silk screens for silk screen printing, whether or not coated (heading 59.11); metal wire cloth, mounted on a frame, whether or not prepared, for use in screen printing (classified according to the constituent material).

(d) Marking irons for gilding machines (heading 84.40).

(e) Metal, stone or wood working machine-tools and water-jet cutting machines (for example, matrix planing and finishing machines; machines for planing and cutting rules; disc or ball graining machines; engraving machines; milling cutters; routing machines; trim saws) (headings 84.56 to 84.65).

(f) Type and other printing parts of typewriters, calculating or other machines of headings 84.69 to 84.72 (heading 84.73).

(g) Moulds (heading 84.80).

(h) Laser photoplotter for creating latent images, on photosensitive film, generally from digital formats, by means of a laser beam (heading 90.06).

(ij) Measuring or checking instruments (heading 90.17 or 90.31).


84.43 Printing machinery used for printing by means of plates, cylinders and other printing components of heading 84.42; other printers, copying machines and facsimile machines, whether or not combined; parts and accessories thereof.

This heading covers (1) all machines used for printing by means of the plates or cylinders of the previous heading, and (2) other printers, copying machines and facsimile machines, whether or not combined.


The heading includes machines for printing a repetitive design, repetitive wording or overall colour on textiles, wallpaper, wrapping paper, rubber, plastics sheeting, linoleum, leather, etc.



(I) PRINTING MACHINERY USED FOR PRINTING
BY MEANS OF PLATES, CYLINDERS AND OTHER
PRINTING COMPONENTS OF HEADING 84.42

The most common of these machines are rotary presses. In their simplest form, these presses usually consist of a cylinder with two semi-cylindrical plates (letter press), or of cylinders which may be either engraved (gravure printing) or impressed (offset printing); rotary presses for colour-printing are equipped with several printing cylinders, their inking rollers being placed side by side. Since all the printing, pressing and inking mechanisms are rotary, these presses can be used for both continuous printing and sheet by sheet printing, in black or in colour, on single sides or on both sides of the paper. Rotary presses can be divided into two sub-categories:


(1) Reel-fed presses, in which some large rotary presses combine several printing units on a single frame, and which enable all the pages of a newspaper or periodical to be printed in one sequence of operations, so that, in the final result, all the pages are delivered, cut, folded, assembled, stapled and stacked by various ancillary machines working in conjunction with the printing machine.


(2) Sheet-fed presses, in which the sheets are transported through the printing units by grippers. Sheet-fed presses have a feeder, one or more printing units, and a delivery mechanism. In the feeder the sheets are taken from a pile, aligned, and forwarded to the printing unit. In the delivery mechanism the printed sheets are collected in a pile.

This group also includes printing presses using a movable plate (or platen), and cylinder printing machines.



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The above printing presses (particularly the small or medium-sized rotary presses) can be fitted with a series of making-up units arranged side by side with the printing units, so that, starting from a single reel of paper, complex products (e.g., box shapes, packagings, labels, railway tickets) can be completed in one single and continuous operation.

In addition to the typical types of printing machines, this heading also covers special machines such as:

(i) Machines for printing tin foil boxes or other containers.

(ii) Machines for printing clock or watch dials or other articles of special shapes.

(iii) Machines for printing on corks, tubes, candles, etc.

(iv) Machines for marking clothing.

(v) Machines for printing book page signatures.

(vi) Numbering, dating, etc., machines (other than hand-operated date and similar stamps of heading 96.11) operating with irons, bands of letters or figures, etc., whether or not inked.

(vii) Certain small office printing machines which operate by means of printing type or by the offset process, and which are improperly referred to as “duplicating machines” because their operating principles and appearance are similar to those of duplicating machines.

This group also includes colour printing machines, used to colour, after they have been first printed in black and white, special art editions, playing cards, children’s illustrations, etc., by means of stencils or stencil-plates, the colour being applied by brushes, rollers or by spraying.

Machines for printing a repetitive design, repetitive words or overall colour on textiles, wallpaper, wrappingpaper, linoleum, leather, etc., include:

(1) Block printing machines in which blocks engraved with the design, generally in relief, are repeatedly pressed on the cloth, wallpaper, etc., as it passes through the machine, thus producing a continuous design; the same machines are also used for printing separate designs (e.g., on scarves or handkerchiefs).

(2) Roller printing machines, usually consisting of a large central cylinder (pressure bowl) around the periphery of which is placed a series of engraved colour rollers, each with its colour trough, furnisher roller, doctor blades, etc.

(3) Screen printing machines. The material to be printed passes through the machine together with a stencil-screen band, the colour being applied through the stencil.

(4) Warp printing machines which, before weaving, print a design on the sheet of parallel warp yarns unrolled from the warp beam.

(5) Yarn printing machines. These produce colour effects on the yarn (or sometimes on the roving before it is spun into yarn).

(II) OTHER PRINTERS, COPYING MACHINES
AND FACSIMILE MACHINES,
WHETHER OR NOT COMBINED

This group covers:

(A) Printers. This group includes apparatus for the printing of text, characters or images on print media, other than those that are described in Part (I) above.
These apparatus accept data from various sources (e.g., automatic data processing machines, flatbed desktop scanners, networks). Most incorporate memory to store that data.
The products of this heading may create the characters or images by means such as laser, ink-jet, dot matrix or thermal print processes. The two most common types of printers are :

This heading includes printers presented separately for incorporation in or connection to other products of the nomenclature (e.g., receipt printers of cash registers of heading 84.70).


(B) Copying machines.


This group includes apparatus for the production of copies from original documents, such as:

This group also includes contact type photocopying apparatus and thermo-copying apparatus.


(C) Facsimile machines.


Facsimile (or fax) machines are for the transmission and reception of text or graphics over a network and for the printing of a reproduction of the original text or graphics. Part (D) below describes such apparatus when capable of performing a copying function.



(D) Combinations of printers, copying machines or facsimile machines.
Machines which perform two or more of the functions of printing, copying or facsimile transmission are generally referred to as multi-functional machines. These machines are capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network.
The criterion “capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network” is described in the Subheading Explanatory Note below.


III. PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts and accessories of the machines of this heading.


This would include, for example, machines (whether or not presented separately) for uses ancillary to printing exclusively designed to operate with printing machines and used during or after the printing operation for feeding, handling or further working the sheets or rolls of paper. Such machines, which are usually separate from the printing machine itself, include:


(1) Stock or pile elevators and paper trays or drawers, which hold the blank sheets ready to be printed.


(2) Automatic feeders, used for sheet by sheet printing. Their function is to feed sheets one by one, perfectly centred, into the machine.


(3) Sheet delivery mechanisms, similar in design to feeders, but carrying out the reverse process (i.e., they deliver and pile the printed sheets).


(4) Sorters, which stack and collate printed sheets of multi-page documents.


(5) Folders, gummers, perforators and staplers. These are often used, at the delivery end of the printing machine, to fold and staple or stitch printed pages (of newspapers, folders, periodicals, etc.).


(6) Serial numbering machines, small accessory machines operating with rolls of figures.

(7) Bronzing machines for the printing industry. These deposit metal powder on sheets as they emerge from the printing machine in which they have just been mordant-printed.


This heading also includes drums and plates used in electrostatic photocopying apparatus, guide rollers and mounted oil supply pads.

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The heading also excludes:


(a) Cylinder blankets and covers of textile fabric, rubberised textile fabric, felt, rubber, etc. (classified according to the constituent material).


(b) Machinery for labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers, and wrapping machinery (heading 84.22).


(c) Machines with an ancillary printing device, e.g., certain bag filling or packing machines (heading 84.22); certain machines for making up paper or paperboard (heading 84.41). If presented separately, the printing device remains classified in this heading provided it prints by one of the processes of the machines of this heading.


(d) Anti-smudging sprayingmachines (heading 84.24).


(e) Hectographic and stencilduplicating machines, and addressing machines (heading 84.72).



(f) Pattern generating apparatus (heading 84.86).

(g) Cameras for recording documents on microfilm, microfiche or other microforms (heading 90.06).

(h) Ordinary photographic printing frames (heading 90.10).

(ij) Drawing instruments of heading 90.17.

(k) Hand-operated label embossers of heading 96.11.

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Subheading Explanatory Notes.


Subheadings 8443.11, 8443.12 and 8443.13


These subheadings cover printing machinery in which the impression is obtained by means of a printing plate on which the design is reproduced in the flat, i.e., in neither intaglio nor relief (offset printing process). The formation of the image to be printed is based on the principle of the mutual repulsion of water and fatty substances. The printing, always performed on a rotary machine, is not obtained by direct contact of the printing medium on the material to be printed, but by intermediate transfer onto a rubber cylinder called a blanket which, in turn, transfers the image onto the matter to be printed. The machinery of these subheadings is characterised by the presence of the blanket and of a device used to continuously dampen the non-printing parts of the printing plate which is fixed to a metal cylinder. Offset printing machines can be fed by rolls or sheets.


Subheadings 8443.14 and 8443.15


Letterpress printing is a process whereby the ink is transferred under pressure to the printing surface from the raised parts of the type. The type consists of individual characters, lines or image-bearing plates, all of the same height.


These subheadings do not, however, cover flexographic printing machinery.


Subheading 8443.16


Flexographic printing is a process employing the letterpress principle for simple work (printing of packaging, forms, leaflets, etc.), and in which the printing plate is of rubber or thermoplastic material bonded directly to the impression cylinder. These machines are simpler and lighter than other printing presses; they print continuous webs of paper in one or more colours, using an ink based on alcohol or other volatile solvents.


Subheading 8443.17


In gravure printing, the ink accumulated in different volumes in engraved or etched parts of the printing plate is transferred by pressure onto the surface to be printed. This form of printing has its origins in line engraving and etching, where a graver or an acid is used to incise lines of different depths in a polished copper plate. The surface of the plate remains free of ink, which collects in the lines in sufficient quantity to yield an impression.


The principle of gravure printing is similar to that of line engraving and etching. A rotary cylinder is used instead of the plate. The image or signs are transferred onto a cylindrical plate electroplated with copper by mechanical or photochemical means.


Subheadings 8443.31 and 8443.32


The criterion “capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network” denotes that the apparatus comprises all the components necessary for its connection to a network or an automatic data processing machine to be effected simply by attaching a cable. The capability to accept the addition of a component (e.g., a “card”) that would then allow the connection of a cable is not sufficient to meet the terms of these subheadings. Conversely, that the component to which a cable would be connected is present but inaccessible or otherwise unable to effect a connection (e.g., switches must first be set) is not sufficient to exclude goods from these subheadings.


84.44 Machines for extruding, drawing, texturing or cutting man-made textile materials.

This heading covers machines for the manufacture of man-made textile fibres, including machines for cutting the fibres.

These include:

(1) Machines for extruding man-made textiles in the form of monofilaments or of several filaments. These machines are, in practice, made up of a long series of separate identical spinning units placed side by side. Each unit consists essentially of a metering pump and a filter which feed the spinnerets or spinning nozzles. Depending on the process employed, the one or more filaments leaving the nozzles pass either through a bath containing a chemical coagulating agent (e.g., viscose process), or through an airtight chamber fitted with a water spray (e.g., cuprammonium process) or a hot air current (e.g., cellulose acetate process), or through a cooling chamber. The nozzles may be single or contain a great number of holes (sometimes many thousands) according to whether it is desired to obtain a monofil, or a multi-filament yarn, or tow for cutting into staple fibre. In some machines the fibres emerging from the nozzle are brought together and assembled by a slight twist given by a special device, thus forming a yarn. In others, the fibres leaving the various spinning units are combined in a thick rope (tow), sometimes of many hundreds of thousands of fibres, for subsequent cutting into staple fibre.

(2) Drawing machines which stretch the filaments to three or four times their original length, a process which orientates the molecules in the direction of the filaments thus considerably increasing its strength.

(3) Machines for texturing synthetic textile yarn. Most texturing processes (traditional discontinuous method, false-twisting, edge crimping, gear-crimping, hot air or steam jets, knit-deknit) modify the physical properties of the yarn to produce crimped yarn, elastic “foam” yarn, etc.

(4) Staple fibre cutters for cutting tow into short lengths.

(5) “Tow-to-top” machines. These also cut the tow into staple fibre lengths, but they do not disturb the parallel arrangements of the fibres in the tow. These machines therefore produce tops which are ready for spinning (requiring neither carding nor combing), and not a loose mass of staple fibres like the cutters of paragraph (4). They sometimes incorporate a spinning machine and are then called “tow-to-yarn” machines (see Explanatory Note to heading 84.45).

(6) Rupturing machines for producing ruptured filament tow. The greater part (but not all) of the filaments are broken at intervals so that, although some filaments remain continuous, the yarn obtained from the tow has the characteristics of a staple fibre yarn.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.48.

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The heading excludes:

(a) Machines for preparing the raw materials intended for later extrusion into man-made textile fibres (generally heading 84.19 or 84.77).

(b) Draw boxes and gill boxes of heading 84.45.

(c) Machines for spinning continuous or discontinuous glass fibres or yarns (heading 84.75).


84.45 Machines for preparing textile fibres; spinning, doubling or twisting machines and other machinery for producing textile yarns; textile reeling or winding (including weft-winding) machines and machines for preparing textile yarns for use on the machines of heading 84.46 or 84.47.
Subject to the exclusions mentioned later, this heading covers machines used in the textile industry for the following processes:

(I) The preparation or preliminary treatment of textile fibres to make them suitable for:
ii) Manufacturing into wadding, felt, stuffing material, etc.

(II) The working up of various textile fibres into yarns by spinning, twisting, doubling, throwing, etc. (including the preparation of paper yarn from strips of paper) but excluding specialised processes of rope making (heading 84.79).

(III) Reeling, whether of slivers or rovings, yarns, twine, etc. and preparing textile yarns for use on the machines of heading 84.46 or 84.47.

(A) MACHINERY FOR PREPARING NATURAL TEXTILE FIBRES
OR SHORT MAN-MADE FIBRES UP TO THE SPINNING STAGE,
AND SIMILAR MACHINES WHICH PREPARE THE FIBRES FOR USE
AS STUFFING OR FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FELT OR WADDING

This group includes:

(1) Blower-grader machines for sorting animal hair according to length. These consist of a long box divided across its width into compartments into which the hairs are blown by a current of air. The hairs are distributed into the various compartments according to their size.

(2) Machines for separating cotton fibres from the seeds, hulls and other impurities (e.g., cotton gins), and similar machines for separating linters from the seed.

(3) Scutching or similar machines for separating the fibres from vegetable stalks (flax, hemp, etc.) after retting.

(4) Machines for tearing rags, old cordage or similar scrap textiles to reduce them to a fibrous condition suitable for carding (e.g., garnetting machines and rag pickers), but excluding rag cutters used in paper-making (heading 84.39).

(5) Bale breakers, used for opening out into lumps the cotton from compressed bales.

(6) Automatic feeders, fitted with a spreading device to secure an even flow to the openers.

(7) Beaters and spreaders for further cleaning and opening out the web of cotton fibres; preparing machines for opening wool.

(8) Wool scouring machines with mechanical arrangements for feeding in the wool and pumping in hot water; and raw wool washing machines (e.g., Leviathans) equipped with stirring mechanism and sometimes means for drying.

(9) Raw stock dyeing machines for dyeing unspun wool fibres in the mass.

(10) Machines for impregnating wool, ramie, etc., with oil or chemical products to facilitate carding and combing.

(11) Wool carbonising machines, equipped with a vat for acid, arrangements for removing excess liquor, for drying and for dusting out the charred impurities.

(12) Carding machines of various types for cotton, wool, short man-made fibres, bast fibres (flax, hemp, etc.), etc. These continue the cleaning begun by the openers and beaters, and separate and straighten the fibres. In principle they consist of large rollers covered with saw-toothed steel wire or with fabric fitted with wire teeth (card clothing); these work against fixed plates or other rollers which are also covered with card clothing. A cleaning device keeps the teeth free from clogging with fibres, and in wool carding machines there is a device for eliminating burrs. Different carding machines are used at different stages for different materials (e.g., breaker cards, intermediate cards, finisher cards, condenser cards). The fibres leave the carding machines in the form of a wide web or lap, or may be condensed into a sliver, and are then wound on spools or bobbins or coiled into rotating bins. This group also covers carding machines for preparing fibres for felting or for use as wadding or stuffing; these are usually a simpler type consisting of a cylindrical segment covered with card clothing, which oscillates over a flat table also covered with card clothing.

(13) Draw boxes, gill boxes, etc. These draw out the slivers to a smaller cross-section, combine them and re-draw them to produce an even product; these machines are used after carding and, in the case of wool, sometimes also after combing.

(14) Combing machines. The principal function of these machines is to comb out short fibres; the sliver is held between nippers while being acted on by an arrangement of combs or pins. They are used at various stages of manufacture: to treat the material in the raw state (e.g., hackling flax), or after carding or drawing out. The most common types are combing machines for flax, hemp or similar fibres, intermittent (French or rectilinear) combs for cotton, and circular combs for wool.

(15) Flax, jute, etc., spreaders. These combine the bundles of flax or other fibres, and draw them out into a continuous sliver.

(16) Backwashing machines for removing the oil and other impurities from wool after carding or combing. They consist of a number of vats for warm soapy water, equipped with guide and squeeze rollers, drying cylinders and a gill box to open out the wool again.

(17) Drawing or roving machines for finally drawing and slightly twisting the slivers or rovings to make them ready for spinning.

(18) Coilers. These consist of a turntable designed to rotate a can in which the slivers or rovings are collected as they leave the various machines; they usually have a coiling device at the top.

(B) MACHINES FOR PREPARING SILK PRIOR TO THROWING

This group includes:

(1) Machines for removing the outer parts of cocoons, and machines for removing, by beating the cocoons, the outer filaments which cannot be reeled.

(2) Vessels for unreeling by hand the silk threads from cocoons, equipped with a device for assembling and slightly twisting together several filaments and sometimes with the reel on which the raw silk obtained is wound; the reel is sometimes separate from the vessel but provided the reel and vessel are presented together the whole unit remains classified here.

(3) Machines for removing lumps, thicker parts, etc., from the raw silk yarn.

(C) SPINNING MACHINES FOR CONVERTING ROVINGS INTO YARN;
TWISTING MACHINES AND MACHINES FOR DOUBLING YARNS TO
FORM MULTIPLE OR CABLED YARNS

This group includes:

(1) Spinning frames which by a further drawing out and twisting convert the roving into a yarn. The essential feature of a spinning frame is the spinning mechanism (flyer ring and traveller, etc.) associated with a revolving vertical or oblique spindle; a complete spinning frame consists of a number of these elements mounted side by side. The heading includes flax, hemp, jute, etc., spinning machines, intermittent spinning frames (mules, etc.) and continuous spinning frames (flyer spinning, ring spinning, cap spinning, etc.). It also covers hand spinning wheels.

(2) “Tow-to-yarn” machines. These complete the whole process of breaking the filaments of the tow, drawing out into a roving and spinning into yarn.

(3) Twisting or doubling machines for giving a supplementary torsion to yarns, or for twisting together two or more yarns to form a multiple or cabled yarn or to form twine; special machines for rope-making are, however, excluded (heading 84.79). Certain machines of this group may include devices for producing fancy yarns (e.g., looped yarns). This group also includes throwing machines for twisting together continuous filaments of silk or of man-made textiles.

(4) Machines for knotting together, end to end, lengths of horsehair.
(D) WINDING OR REELING MACHINES

These are used for putting up yarns (or rovings), twine or string, on bobbins, spools, cops, cones, cheeses, cards, etc., or in balls, hanks or skeins, etc., whether for manufacturing or trade purposes, or for retail sale. For the classification of warping machines, see Part (E) below. Machines for coiling ropes or cables are classified in heading 84.79.

The heading also includes machines for recovering and re-reeling yarn from faulty knitted or crocheted goods. It also covers weft winders specially designed to wind the weft yarns on to bobbins ready for use in weaving.

(E) MACHINES FOR PREPARING TEXTILE YARNS FOR USE
ON THE MACHINES OF Heading 84.46 OR 84.47

This group includes:

(1) Warpers for preparing a series of yarns parallel, under the same tension, and in the right order (as regards colour and type of yarn) for weaving. The complete number of yarns required for the warp may be prepared as a whole, or they may be prepared in sections (sectional warping); they may be wound directly on the warp beam ready for use on the loom, or provisionally on the roller of the warping machine or on other supports (e.g., bobbins).

The machine consists of a creel for holding a large number of bobbins of yarn, a series of combs and thread guides and a powerful drum winding mechanism; the various parts of this machine are usually quite separate, but when presented together they remain classified here.

(2) Warp sizing machines (e.g., slashing machines). In these the warp yarns, either in sections or as a sheet of parallel yarns, are given a temporary dressing to protect them from fraying on the loom and to make them smooth, thus facilitating weaving. These machines consist generally of a size bath, a system of roller guides, a heated cylinder or hot air dryer and a reeling device, and sometimes also a device for cut-marking (i.e., the application of dye marks at regular intervals on the selvedge yarns).
(3) Drawing-in and reeding machines for drawing the warp yarns through the respective healds (heddles) of the loom, and through the reed or comb.

(4) Warp tying-in or twisting-in machines for uniting the threads of a new warp with those remaining from the former warp.

(5) Machines for assembling warp yarn on the beam from warper drums.

(6) Machines for interlacing and supplying the thread during weaving.

(7) Threading machines for embroidery.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.48.

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The heading excludes:

(a) Machines for the heat-treatment of cocoons to kill the silkworms (heading 84.19).

(b) Machines for the drying of textile materials (heading 84.19 or 84.51, as the case may be).

(c) Centrifugal hydro-extractors (heading 84.21).

(d) Machines of heading 84.44.

(e) Machinery for the manufacture or finishing of felts or nonwovens (heading 84.49).

(f) Polishing, glazing, gassing or other finishing machines, and fabric winding machines (heading 84.51).

(g) Hair cutting machines for cutting animal hair from hides (heading 84.53).

(h) Card grinding and comb teeth sharpening machines (heading 84.60).

(ij) Machines for setting the teeth in card clothing (heading 84.63).

(k) Machines for mounting card clothing on card cylinders, etc. (heading 84.79).


84.46 Weaving machines (looms).
This heading covers weaving machines for the production of fabrics by weaving, using textile (including peat fibre) yarns or other yarns (e.g., of metal, glass or asbestos).

In these machines the warp and weft yarns are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric.

In the simplest weave, the sheet of warp yarns from the warp beam divides into two groups of alternate yarns, each group being controlled by a harness; these harnesses alternately raise and lower their warp yarns to form an angle (known as the shed) between the two groups of yarns through which passes the weft yarn (in conventional looms carried by a shuttle) which is immediately beaten up against the preceding weft by the reed; the raising or lowering of the groups of warp yarn is then reversed by the harnesses, entrapping the weft and forming a new shed for the next line of weft. On ordinary looms up to eight harnesses can be used to vary the order in which the warp yarns are raised and so produce a certain variation in the weave.

More complex looms can execute more complicated weaves. For example, some looms have a special system for controlling the raising of the warp (dobbies, Jacquards, etc.) so as to control a greater number of groups of warp threads or even single warp threads; or special devices can be used to produce certain special fabrics (leno mechanisms, warp pile (or Terry) attachments, swivel shuttle attachments for broché work). Other looms have devices for changing the shuttles (or the bobbins in the shuttles), thus introducing wefts of different colours or different yarns; Looms often include certain other mechanical or electrical devices (e.g., for replenishing the bobbins in the shuttles when necessary, or for stopping the loom if a warp or weft thread breaks).

Most of these special devices may either form an integral part of the loom, or be mounted on an ordinary loom as auxiliary removable attachments; the latter type of attachment is classified here provided it is presented with the loom for which it is intended, but if presented separately it is excluded (generally heading 84.48).

Looms usually produce a flat fabric but there are circular looms which produce a tubular fabric; in these one or more shuttles, moved either mechanically or by electro-magnets, interlace a weft with a vertical series of warp threads arranged in a circle.

Different types of looms may be named according to their type of mechanism or according to the type of fabric they produce, for example, dobby looms, Jacquard looms, automatic box motion looms, shuttleless looms in which the weft is inserted either by compressed air or a water jet or by a long needle, or drawn across from a fixed bobbin by a series of projectiles, ribbon looms (e.g., bar looms, Zurich looms and drum looms), pile fabric looms, carpet looms including knotted pile carpet looms.
The heading also includes:

(1) Hand looms.

(2) Looms for weaving cloth of wire or metallised yarn provided they are of the same type as textile weaving looms. Such looms must have all the essential mechanical parts characteristic of textile weaving looms, i.e., a warp beam, frame harnesses for forming the shed, the mechanism which passes the weft wire or yarn through the shed at right angles and entraps it in the warp yarns and a cloth beam for winding the cloth as it is produced.

However, the heading excludes machines designed for interlacing wire, by various processes, to form heavy wire grill or netting (see Explanatory Note to heading 84.63).

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of weaving machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.48.

84.47 Knitting machines, stitch-bonding machines and machines for making gimped yarn, tulle, lace, embroidery, trimmings, braid or net and machines for tufting.

This heading covers all machinery for the production of fabrics or trimmings by knitting, stitch-bonding, gimping, braiding, netting, tufting, etc., or for embroidery work on any ground, whether using unspun rovings, textile (including peat fibre) yarns, other yarns (e.g., of metal, glass or asbestos) or wire.
(A) KNITTING MACHINES

These consist of two main groups:

(1) Circular machines which produce either a straight tubular fabric or, by varying the size of the stitches in the rows, a shaped tubular piece (for stockings, socks, sleeves of garments, berets, fezes or similar knitted headgear, etc.).

(2) Flat machines for producing flat fabric of even width or, by increasing or decreasing the number of stitches in the rows, flat but shaped pieces of fabric to be subsequently made up by sewing (e.g., into stockings or socks). Flat machines include machines for ordinary knitting (e.g., Cotton’s frames) and warp knitting (Raschel, milanese, locknit, etc., looms). These machines range from the very simple type to large machines with many rows of needles, in some cases equipped with Jacquard or similar mechanisms to produce various designs.

This heading also covers small domestic knitting machines, and machines designed to knit just the few stitches necessary for repairing stockings. Machines for joining two pieces of knitted fabric by simply sewing together the loops forming the knitted edges are classified in heading 84.52.

(B) STITCH-BONDING MACHINES

This group includes all kinds of stitch-bonding machines which produce fabrics by a chain-stitching process. The following are included:

(1) Machines incorporating a needle mechanism for attaching the “warp” yarns and the “weft” yarns by chain-stitching.

(2) Machines for inserting loops of yarn in a fabric backing previously produced on a conventional weaving loom, and attaching them to the backing with knitting stitches.

(3) Knitting-sewing machines operate by stitching seams in loose-fibre fabric already made by other machines (for example, cards and garnetting machines) and so produce a consolidated sheet of textile material used as filtering material, carpet underlay, insulating material, etc.

(C) MACHINES FOR MAKING KNOTTED NET, TULLE,
LACE, BRAID, OR TRIMMINGS, FOR GIMPING YARNS,
FOR EMBROIDERY, FOR TUFTING, ETC.

These include:

(1) Machines for making nets or netting for any purpose, either in the piece or to the shape of finished articles (e.g., fishing nets).

(2) Machines for making plain tulle.

(3) Machines for making figured tulle, lace, etc.

(4) Machines for making bobinot tulle, bobinot curtains and bobinot mechanical lace, which manufacture flat netting or flat net curtains, as well as mechanical (woven) lace from warp and weft strands. However, the warp and weft strands are not interlaced at right angles as in weaving, but are surrounded and tied, by the to and fro movement of a shuttle, by a large number of warp strands (bobbin threads) arranged on small bobbins.

(5) Embroidery machines, including hand embroidery machines (embroidery machines with pantograph shuttles), which, by means of needles, embroider various designs with one or more threads on an existing ground of woven fabric or other material. Embroidery machines, other than manually operated, may be equipped with Jacquard or similar mechanisms. The heading also covers thread drawing machines which withdraw, and bind the remaining threads into open-work embroidery.

The heading does not cover chain or blanket stitch machines (mainly used to edge certain textile articles, but which can also do simple embroidery), nor sewing machines which can do simple embroidery work in addition to ordinary sewing (heading 84.52).

(6) Gimping machines. These wrap one yarn in close spirals round a generally thicker core (e.g., of metal wire, rubber thread, unspun fibres, or of one or more coarser yarns). These machines can also be used to gimp fine electrical wiring.

(7) Machines for making various trimmings by interlacing, in various complex ways, yarns or unspun rovings (sometimes gimped) of various textiles (braiding looms, hook looms, etc.).

The heading also covers machines for braiding a wire sheath on hose of rubber, plastics, etc., or for braiding tubular plaits from wire, provided they have the essential mechanical parts characteristic of the textile machines referred to in the preceding paragraph.

(8) Machines for covering buttons, tassel cores, etc., with textile threads.

(9) Tufting machines, for inserting loops or tufts of textile yarn in a fabric backing in order to produce carpets, mats or lightweight articles (bedspreads, bath robes, etc.).


PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.48.

84.48 Auxiliary machinery for use with machines of heading 84.44, 84.45, 84.46 or 84.47 (for example, dobbies, jacquards, automatic stop motions, shuttle changing mechanisms); parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of this heading or of heading 84.44, 84.45, 84.46 or 84.47 (for example, spindles and spindle flyers, card clothing, combs, extruding nipples, shuttles, healds and heald-frames, hosiery needles).


This heading covers:

(I) All auxiliary machines and apparatus which exercise, either separately or concurrently, a function complementary to those of the machines of heading 84.44, 84.45, 84.46 or 84.47 (in particular spinning, weaving, knitting or embroidery machines). These auxiliary machines may either extend the possibilities of the main machines (as in the case of dobbies and Jacquards), or may perform mechanically a particular job necessary for the proper working of the main machine (as is the case with warp stop motions, weft stop motions, warp knotting machines).

(II) Parts of the machines of this heading and also parts of the machines of heading 84.44, 84.45, 84.46 or 84.47 (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI).

(III) Various accessories used with the machines of heading 84.44, 84.45, 84.46 or 84.47 or of this heading; in general, the term “ accessories ” refers to articles of equipment, not forming an integral part of the machines, which are interchangeable and must be frequently replaced (for example, because they are rapidly worn out, or because different types are necessary for different types of work).

(A) AUXILIARY MACHINERY
This group includes:

(1) Auxiliary machines for use with textile spinning machines, for example, automatic devices which remove fully wound reels and replace them with empty ones, and mobile appliances for setting up rows of empty reels.

(2) Warp beam stands or creels. These hold the warp beams during the sizing process, or during the winding of the warp beam; in certain cases, they hold the warp beam, in the course of weaving.

(3) Dobbies and Jacquards, used to adapt a loom for producing weaves more complicated than it could otherwise execute. Dobbies control the separate lifting of a large number of harnesses, and Jacquards the lifting of individual warp threads. They operate by a number of lags with projecting pegs which form a chain, or in many cases (particularly Jacquards) by a series of suitably perforated cards loosely laced together edge to edge to form a continuous chain. These pegs or a number of needles, certain of which come into play according to the different perforations of the cards, actuate the mechanisms for lifting the warp threads. Similar mechanisms (Verdol machines) are operated with continuous strips of perforated paper.

(4) Machines for mounting on Jacquards to enable certain of the cards to remain in position while more than one weft is inserted. This reduces the number of cards required and increases the speed of weaving.

(5) Card lacing machines for assembling the cards in a loose chain ready for use on the Jacquard machines.

(6) Warp stop motions and weft stop motions. These cause the immediate stopping of the loom in the event of a warp or weft thread breaking; also bobbin control mechanisms for ensuring a continuous supply of weft yarn by replenishing the bobbin when necessary. The heading includes apparatus of this kind whether or not operated electrically.

(7) Warp tyers; small machines placed on a loom above the sheet of warp yarns, and used to join them if they break during weaving. (8) Leno attachments which, during weaving, cross over certain of the warp threads to form loops through which weft threads pass. They are used in the manufacture of gauze and other leno fabrics.

(9) Swivel shuttle attachments; these enable a swivel shuttle to be passed between certain warps to produce broché designs.

(10) Warp pile motions which, by a variable motion of the comb, form loops on one or both surfaces of the fabric (Terry fabrics, etc.).

(11) Split selvedge machines. When a wide loom is used to produce simultaneously a number of narrow fabrics, these machines produce a leno weave or insert a form of oversewing where the weft threads are to be cut to separate the narrow fabrics.

(12) Apparatus incorporating photoelectric cells, which detect faults in fabrics being knitted, yarns being wound on a warping frame, etc., and stop the motion of the machine with which they are used as soon as they detect a fault.

(13) Automatic spool changers for weaving machines.

(14) Machines for placing thin plates in automatic stop motions.

(15) Warp-protectors for warpers, warp sizing machines and knitting machines.

(16) Bobbin holders.

(17) Screens and beaters (beating wings) for openers and beaters for mechanical stitchers.

(18) Cylinders and drums for mechanical stitchers, cards or combing machines.

(19) Agitators, drums and cylinders for wool degreasing machines or for greasing machines.

(20) Stretching devices for drawing bench, roving benches or continuous ring threading machines, and cylinders thereof.

(21) Mechanical yarn separators of simple design, for bobbin machines, intended to remove knots and other faults from the yarns.
Certain of the items listed above may be designed to form integral parts of particular looms (Jacquard looms, automatic looms, etc.). When presented separately these are classified in this heading, not as auxiliary machinery, but as parts of the machines of heading 84.44, 84.45, 84.46 or 84.47.

(B) PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

This group includes:

(1) Creels for holding bobbins during warping.

(2) Spindles and spindle flyers for spinning frames.

(3) Centrifugal pots (Topham boxes) (often of plastics) inside which man-made textile yarns are coiled in the form of cakes as they are produced.

(4) Combs for combing machines; fallers or gills, i.e., toothed bars used in gill boxes.

(5) Card clothing (including narrow strips known as card fillets), set with their wire teeth, and all-steel card clothing in the form of saw-toothed wire.

(6) Ring travellers, open rings placed on the spinning ring of a spinning frame to provide the twist necessary in forming the yarn.

(7) Extruding nipples, spinnerets, etc., used in extruding man-made filaments, including those of precious metal but excluding those of ceramics (heading 69.09) or of glass (heading 70.20).

(8) Thread guides (but not those of glass or ceramics, see headings 70.20 and 69.09, nor those wholly of agate or other precious or semi-precious stones, see heading 71.16).

(9) Warp beams, from which the warp yarns are unrolled during weaving.

(10) Reeds for looms (including adjustable expansion combs). These beat up each line of weft against the preceding one as the weaving proceeds.

(11) Frames in which the healds for looms are mounted.

(12) Shuttles, but excluding the bobbins on which the yarn is wound.

(13) Metallic healds, either flat or as lengths of two twisted wires, with a control eye through which the warp yarn passes, and metallic harness cords which connect heald frames to the lifting mechanism. (14) Lingoes, thin metal weights with eyes at their upper ends to be attached to each cord of a loom harness.

(15) Needle boards and bottom boards, i.e., perforated boards (usually of wood or vulcanised fibre) used with Jacquard or similar machines.

(16) Jacquard hooks. Large numbers of these specialised latched hooks are used on Jacquard machines to attach the neck cords of the Jacquard to the harness cords.

(17) Needles for knitting machines, for example, bearded needles, including stilettos and needles for remeshing machines, hinged needles (also called valve or blade needles), equipped with one or more tongues, grooved needles the tongue of which is replaced by a mobile slot, tubular needles, crochet needles for crochet machines.

(18) Slides, combs, slide bars, etc., for tulle, lace-making and embroidery machines.

(19) Sliders for knitting machines.

(20) Drawing sleeves of plastics.

(21) Shuttles for weaving machines (weaving shuttles), embroidery machines and net-making machines.

(22) Plates for knitting machines, for example, braking plates, forming, lowering, chasing plates, double-edge plates, thread guiding plates, transfer plates, plates for Jacquard stitches. These are articles made of thin plates of steel about 0.1 to 2 mm in thickness with very variable profiles, which assist the needles (generally bearded or hinged needles) to form stitches.

(23) Accessories to form stitches, for example, waves, wave guides, design griffs, stretchers, grooves, pins and push rods.

(24) Warping beams, divided beams and beam trays, brakes and regulators of automatic roll beams.

(25) Plates and suspension hooks of blades and teeth for combs.

(26) Tamplets for weaving machines.

(27) Shuttle boxes.

(28) Iron parts used in weaving machines, for forming a loop, including those with a cutting section.

(29) Hooks for crochet machines (without shuttle).

(30) Needle bars for hosiery machines, sliding plates, cams and plates for needles for rectilinear knitting machines, needle cams and needle cylinders for circular knitting machines.

(31) Needles for bobinot tulle machines and hooks for net-making machines.

(32) Embroidery needles and frames for embroidery machines.

(33) Spindles for braiding machines and bobbin machines.

(34) Thread brakes (tensioners) and combs for warpers and mechanical warp sizing machines.

(35) Needles, plates, “knives” and griffs for dobbies or Jacquards.

(36) Magazines (lifting, turning boxes, etc.) for automatic shuttle changers.

(37) Magazines for automatic changers of woof bobbins.

(38) Lamellae (thin plates) for automatic warp-protectors.
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The heading also excludes, inter alia:

(a) Pumps used in the extrusion of man-made fibres (heading 84.13).

(b) Filters used in the extrusion of man-made fibres (heading 84.21).

(c) Needles of a type used on sewing machines (heading 84.52).

(d) Recorded media for controlling Jacquard or similar machines (heading 85.23).

(e) Roving or sliver cans (classified according to their constituent materials).

(f) Lease rods (simple lengths of wood or metal, used on the loom to limit the beginning of the shed) (classified according to their constituent materials).

(g) Bobbins, pirns, cops, cones, spools and similar supports (classified according to their con

84.49 Machinery for the manufacture or finishing of felt or nonwovens in the piece or in shapes, including machinery for making felt hats; blocks for making hats.



The heading covers machinery for the manufacture or finishing of all kinds of felt or nonwovens or of articles of felt or nonwovens, but excluding those for the manufacture of felted woven fabrics. The heading also covers blocks for making hats.

Machines used in the preliminary operations before felting (e.g., blower grading machines for sorting hair, textile openers, beaters and cards) are the same as those used in the preliminary operations for preparing fibres for spinning, and remain classified in heading 84.45.

(A) MACHINES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR FINISHING
OF FELT OR NONWOVENS IN GENERAL

This group include:

(1) Felters, generally composed of two heavy grooved plates, one fixed and the other capable of reciprocating movement, between which the web of carded fibres is submitted to friction and high pressure and becomes felted. These machines also include devices for moistening the web and heating the plates.

(2) Soaping machines to soap the partially formed felt.

(3) Fulling mills. In these the felt pieces, previously soaped, are pounded with hammers to complete the felting. Such mills remain here even though, exceptionally, they can be used for fulling small woven or knitted textile articles; on the other hand, rotary milling machines which are mainly used for fulling or felting woven fabrics are excluded (heading 84.51).

(4) Machines for the manufacture of reinforced felts. The felt and a support of woollen fabric may be felted together by the action of a heated roller; or a series of barbed needles may be used to punch some of the fibres into a non-woollen base fabric prior to felting.

(5) Finishing machines for felts, such as smoothing and polishing, shaving, etc.

(6) Machines for the manufacture of nonwovens (such as those employing the dry process, wet process or direct spinning).

(B) MACHINERY FOR MAKING FELT HATS

This group include:

(1) Machines for felting animal hair into hat-shapes. They consist of a roller system feeding the hair to rotating brushes or revolving belts of card clothing, and these throw the hair on to revolving perforated metal cones (or gauze cones). A strong current of air sucks the hair to the surface of the cone forming a layer on its surface.

(2) Felting presses, with grooved faces usually of wood, one or both of which are capable of reciprocating motion, between which the pre-formed hat-shape is felted.

(3) Roller presses to complete the felting of the hat-shapes.

(4) Stretching machines on which the conical hat-shape is further formed and the conical end rounded.

(5) Machines in which the brim is formed by passing the edges through conical rollers.

(6) Polishing machines, which remove outstanding hairs from the surface by means of pumice stone or abrasive cloth.

(7) Singeing machines for burning off hairs from the surface of the hat-shape.

(8) Proofing machines in which certain hat-shapes are soaked or sprayed with shellac or gelatin, and pressed between rollers.

(9) Blocking machines in which the turning of the brim is completed, and the hat-shape is given its final form.

(10) Sand presses; these press bags of hot sand against the inside of the hat-shape placed on a hollow former, thus restoring the surface of the felt disturbed by previous operations.

(11) Machines with revolving pads to give the felt a smooth shiny surface.

Machines for making woollen felt hats are the same as those described above for making hats from other animal hair felts, except for the first hat-shape forming operation. In the case of wool, the layer of fibres from the carding machine is formed into a hat-shape by a device consisting of a revolving double conical block.

(C) BLOCKS FOR MAKING HATS

These may be of wood or metal (usually aluminium), and are used with certain of the above machines.

Hat-stretchingblocks used in hat fitting are also classified here. Machines for tracing head contours used in hat fitting are excluded (heading 90.31).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machines of this heading.

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The heading does not cover:

(a) Calenders for compressing the bats of fibre before felting (heading 84.20).

(b) Knitting machines used in the production of knitted headgear (berets, fezes, etc.) (heading 84.47).

84.50 Household or laundry-type washing machines, including machines which both wash and dry.


The heading covers household or laundry-type washing machines (whether or not electric and whatever the weight), which are normally used in the household, commercial laundries, hospitals, etc., to clean linens, finished goods, etc. They usually include paddles or rotating cylinders for keeping the liquid circulating through the contents, or sometimes a device to give high frequency vibrations to the liquid.

The heading also covers machines which both wash and dry.

However, dry-cleaning machinery falls in heading 84.51.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machines of this heading.

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 8450.11

This subheading covers washing machines which, once the programme has been selected, wash, rinse and spin without the intervention of the user.

84.51 Machinery (other than machines of heading 84.50) for washing, cleaning, wringing, drying, ironing, pressing (including fusing presses), bleaching, dyeing, dressing, finishing, coating or impregnating textile yarns, fabrics or made up textile articles and machines for applying the paste to the base fabric or other support used in the manufacture of floor coverings such as linoleum; machines for reeling, unreeling, folding, cutting or pinking textile fabrics.
This heading covers a wide variety of machines which are used:

(I) For the washing, bleaching, wringing, cleaning, ironing, dyeing, drying or the like of textile yarns, fabrics or made up textile articles, but excluding household or laundry-type washing machines (heading 84.50).

(II) For the dressing or finishing of yarns or fabrics, after spinning or weaving respectively, to bring out certain qualities or improve their appearance (e.g., shearing, fulling, lustring), or to give them special new qualities (e.g., by impregnating or coating), but excluding machines for the finishing of felt (heading 84.49).

(III) For the reeling, unreeling, folding, cutting or pinking of textile fabrics.

Many of the machines of this heading are nothing more than vats, tanks, troughs or other containers, fitted with simple mechanical features such as rollers for leading in the yarn or fabric or for squeezing out excess liquid, stirring paddles, etc. Such machines are used for a variety of washing, bleaching, dyeing, cleaning, etc., operations, or for finishing operations involving coating or impregnating (e.g., with size or with waterproofing, crease-resisting, fireproofing, moth-proofing, rot-proofing, etc., compounds). To fall in the heading, the apparatus must have such mechanical features and must be clearly intended for treating textiles.

(A) MACHINERY FOR WASHING, WRINGING, IRONING OR PRESSING
WHETHER OR NOT FITTED WITH HEATING DEVICES
This group includes: (1) Industrial washing machines, excluding washing machines of heading 84.50, for yarns or woven fabrics or textile articles. This heading includes, for example, tunnel washers through which hanks of yarn are drawn, successively sprayed to wash them and dried, as well as festoon loop washers for piece goods.

This heading covers industrial washing machines used during the manufacturing process of fabrics and textiles, in which the equipment is used in finishing or to remove sizing from the manufactured goods.

(2) Wringers and mangles.

(3) Shaker-tumblers used in laundries to untangle the damp pieces and open them out ready for ironing.

(4) Ironing machines and steam presses for pressing garments (including fusing presses) but excluding smoothing or ironing machines of the calender type, whether or not for domestic use, of heading 84.20.

(B) BLEACHING OR DYEING MACHINERY

These include J-boxes used in bleaching or other wet finishing operations; they consist essentially of a vertical two-armed container, shaped like a letter J, fitted with internal steam jets and with rollers to guide the cloth. The fabric, previously impregnated by passing through a bath of bleaching liquor, enters the longer arm where it remains for the time required for the bleaching to take effect, and in due course emerges from the smaller arm.

Other machines of this group are mainly vat-type machines already referred to, adapted for dealing with particular types of textile goods (e.g., yarns in hanks or skeins or in balls, on bobbins, etc., piece goods or made up articles). The group also includes machines for dyeing or dressing textile piece goods in open width; the essential feature of these machines is that they incorporate a set of rollers for squeezing out excess liquid.

(C) DRY CLEANING MACHINERY

These clean with liquids such as petrol, carbon tetrachloride, etc., instead of water. They are usually complex machines incorporating, for example, washers for circulating the liquid through the goods being cleaned, centrifugal extractors, filters, clarifiers and storage tanks. In view of the inflammable nature of many of the liquids used, they usually have an explosion-proof motor drive for the washer and circulating pump.
(D) DRYING MACHINES

These machines are classified here only if they are clearly designed and specialised for the drying of textile yarns, fabrics or made up articles. They are of two main types : those consisting essentially of a closed chamber in which the goods to be dried are subjected to the action of hot air, and those in which fabrics are passed over heated rollers.

The heading excludes dryers not specialised for the treatment of textile goods (heading 84.19), and centrifugal dryers (heading 84.21).

(E) DRESSING OR FINISHING MACHINES

This group includes:

(1) Mercerising machines in which yarns or fabric are treated with caustic soda.

(2) Beetling machines in which rows of wooden headed or cast-steel hammers, mounted spirally on a roller, consolidate the cloth by beating; they close up the interstices of the weave and improve the lustre of the fabric.

(3) Rotary milling machines. These machines close up the warp and weft threads and effect a partial felting on the surface.

Stock or hammer mills, mainly used in the manufacture of felt, are excluded (heading 84.49).

(4) Picking or burling machines, used in the removal of imperfections or pieces of burr still remaining in the fabrics.

(5) Raising machines, used to raise the surface fibres of a cloth. They consist essentially of a large cylinder, mounted either with slats or frames into which teasels can be set, or with smaller cylinders fitted with fine wire points.

(6) Machines for beating the backs of fabrics to make the surface hairs stand up.

(7) Cropping machines to shear the surface of the fabric level after teaseling; similar machines are used in the finishing of velvets. By using indented bed-plates or rollers, patterned effects can be obtained.

(8) Ratine or rippling machines used to form wave or bead effects on raised fabrics, by rolling and curling together bunches of fibres. They consist of a plush covered table over which another table (covered with rubber, felt or emery) swings with a short oscillating and circular motion.

(9) Brushing machines; these comprise revolving cylindrical brushes for brushing the fabric after raising or cropping.

(10) Singeing machines for removing the hairiness of yarn or cloth. These work by rapidly passing the cloth over heated cylinders or curved plates, or over gas flames.

(11) Machines for polishing or glazing string, for polishing silk yarn in hanks, or for polishing silk fabrics.

(12) Emery machines for producing a smooth, even surface on fabrics.

(13) Cylindrical presses operating on a flat or semi-circular bed-plate to produce a surface lustre. Calendering machines (heading 84.20) and general purpose hydraulic presses (heading 84.79) are also used for this purpose.

(14) Decatising machines in which the fabric is steam-treated to fix the final finish and set of the cloth; also similar machines for conditioning yarns or fabrics by steam-treatment.

(15) Stentering (tentering) machines for restoring the fabric to its proper width.

(16) Shrinking machines, which close up the weft threads to produce a close fabric less likely to shrink subsequently.

(17) Coating or impregnating machines for applying special surface coatings to yarns or fabrics, or for impregnating them with special preparations (e.g., gum, starch, size, wax, plastics, rubber or water-proofing compounds). The heading includes machines for coating fabric, paperboard, etc., in the manufacture of floor coverings such as linoleum, and also the dressing machines described in the last sentence of Part (B) above.

(18) Fancy yarn manufacturing machines in which the special effect is produced after the spinning and doubling of the yarn (e.g., machines for ornamenting yarn with small drops of gelatin or wax).

(F) MACHINES FOR REELING, UNREELING, FOLDING,
CUTTING OR PINKING TEXTILE FABRICS

This group includes:

(1) Cloth folding or reeling machines, which fold the cloth lengthwise or across the width, or roll it on to a support; also inspection machines incorporating folding or reeling devices, for inspecting fabrics for defects. Any of these machines may be combined with measuring apparatus.

(2) Cloth cutting or pinking machines, including machines for cutting out patterns or parts of garments, etc.

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The following are also classified here:

(1) Steaming apparatus (steam dummies, busts for steam ironing) for outer garments.

(2) Machinery and apparatus (tables, etc.) for folding linen already ironed (for example, handkerchiefs, sheets, tablecloths).

(3) Machinery and apparatus for boiling and washing wool fabric in order to scour it before bleaching or dyeing.

(4) Machines for removing gum from fabrics before bleaching or dyeing.
(5) Machines for treating fabrics with a lye of soda or potassium before bleaching or dyeing.

(6) Steam machines for humidifying yarns, fabrics and other textile products.

(7) Form setting and fixing machines (thermosetting), including machines for preforming or forming stockings or socks.

(8) Machines for the impregnation and drawing of fabrics for pneumatic tyres.

(9) Machines for inking textile ribbons for typewriters and the like.

(10) Machines for breaking up the finish of fabrics.

(11) Machines for flocking fabrics, for example, electrostatic flocking machines.

(12) Fabric-pleating machines.

(13) Appliances for cleaning carpets in situ by injecting a liquid cleaning solution into the carpet, the solution then being extracted by suction, designed for use in establishments (other than domestic premises) such as hotels, motels, hospitals, offices, restaurants and schools.


PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machines of this heading.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Autoclaves, steam-jacketed vats and other heating apparatus not identifiable as being for the heat-treatment of textiles (heading 84.19).

(b) Calendering machines (for glossing, glazing, smoothing, embossing, moireing, etc.) and their cylinders (heading 84.20).

(c) Centrifugal dryers and other centrifuges of heading 84.21.


84.52 Sewing machines, other than book-sewing machines of heading 84.40; furniture, bases and covers specially designed for sewing machines; sewing machine needles.
(A) SEWING MACHINES

The sewing machines and sewing machine heads of this heading are intended for sewing together two or more pieces of textile material, leather, etc. The heading includes sewing machines which, in addition to ordinary sewing, can produce purely decorative work (e.g., embroidery effects); however, machines designed to do embroidery work only (including drawn thread machines) fall in heading 84.47. Book-sewing machines are classified in heading 84.40 and knitting-sewing machines and other stitch-bonding machines in heading 84.47.

Except when performing certain embroidery work, these machines generally operate with two threads, one inserted by the needle and one carried underneath by a shuttle. They generally have one needle and one shuttle, but may be fitted with several needles and shuttles (e.g., to produce a double or triple seam).

Electric sewing machines with a built-in electric motor, whether domestic or otherwise, remain classified in this heading.

In addition to the ordinary sewing machines used in the home or by tailors, dress-makers, etc., the heading also covers special machines which can be used only for certain other kinds of sewing, such as:

(1) Sewing machines used in the manufacture or mending of boots or shoes or for other leather sewing.

(2) Machines for button-hole sewing; these may include a device for cutting the button-hole.

(3) Machines for sewing on buttons.

(4) Machines for sewing up straw hats.

(5) Machines for sewing furs.

(6) Machines for sewing up sacks after filling (flour or cement sacks, etc.); these machines may be suspended and generally have no shuttles.

(7) Machines for sewing up tears in sacks.

(8) Over-sewing machines for the manufacture of sacks, for working the edges of blankets, carpets, etc.

(9) Hem-stitching or blanket-stitching machines.

(10) Machines for sewing together, edge to edge, parts of knitted garments.

In addition to sewing, certain of the machines of this heading may also perform other operations, e.g., cutting, pinking, perforating or pleating fabrics, leather, paper, etc.

(B) FURNITURE, BASES AND COVERS SPECIALLY DESIGNED
FOR SEWING MACHINES

For example, stands which can be used as tables or cabinets, and parts of such furniture (drawers, extension boards, etc.), bases and covers are classified in this heading, even if presented separately. Separate cases mainly for protection or carrying purposes, if presented separately, are classified in their respective headings.

(C) SEWING MACHINE NEEDLES

The heading covers not only the needles for the types of sewing machines described above, but also, provided they are of the sewing machine type (usually with an eye near the point), those for the book-sewing machines of heading 84.40 or for the embroidery machines of heading 84.47.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts (e.g., stands and shuttles) for machines of this heading. Bobbins are, however, classified according to their constituent material.

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The heading excludes toy sewing machines (heading 95.03).

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 8452.10

Subheading 8452.10 applies to the following sewing machines and sewing machine heads, all of which are capable of at least lock stitch operation:

(a) foot or hand powered machines;

(b) machines incorporating an electric motor of an output not exceeding 120 watts;

(c) machines for powered operation, presented without a motor, the weight of the machine head not exceeding 16 kg.

This subheading also applies to the sewing machines called "overlock" or "serger" with built-in electric motor of an output not exceeding 120 watts, which operate with three, four or five thread leads, and sewing machine heads similar to those mentioned above, by virtue of their construction and perfor­mance, which operate with stitches other than lock stitches but are nevertheless designed for household use in that their operating speed generally does not exceed 1,500 stitches per minute.

This subheading also covers hand-held, battery-operated sewing machines which sew by means of chain stitch with a single thread.

The subheading does not, however, include sewing machines dedicated to a specific function such as button holing or filled bag closing.

84.53 Machinery for preparing, tanning or working hides, skins or leather or for making or repairing footwear or other articles of hides, skins or leather, other than sewing machines. This heading covers machinery for preparing hides or skins (including furskins) ready for tanning, machinery for effecting the tanning (including parchmenting) processes, and machinery for the subsequent finishing operations. It also covers machinery used for making or repairing articles of hide, skins or leather (e.g., for making leather footwear, gloves or travel goods). But the heading excludes sewing machines (heading 84.52).


(I) MACHINERY FOR PREPARING, TANNING OR WORKING
HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER

Many machines of this group are, in practice, used at several stages in the processing of hides or skins (e.g., in the washing, pre-tanning, dyeing or other finishing processes). Such machines include special vats, drums, washers, etc., incorporating mechanical features such as stirrers, rotating mechanisms or devices for manipulating the skins.

This group also includes, inter alia:

(1) De-hairing machines, which remove from the raw skins the hairs previously loosened by chemical action.

(2) Fleshing machines, for removing flesh, fat, etc., from the raw skin.

(3) Hammer mills (faller stocks) and cylinder beater mills. The hammers or the grooved rotating cylinder of these machines work the skins or leather during the washing, tanning, oiling or impregnation processes.

(4) Machines for stretching skins or leather to open the pores, eliminate creases or other surface flaws; scraping machines, used to smooth out the flesh side and to remove foreign matter; softening machines, in which the leather is treated by the action of cylinders covered with cork or rubber.

(5) Hammering machines which beat the surface of the leather with small hammers to remove dirt and excess moisture, and to restore the grain.

(6) Hammer machines used for compacting, hardening or smoothing leather (e.g., for shoe soles or machinery belting).

(7) Shaving or splitting machines which, by means of knives, equalise the thickness over the whole skin, or split skins into layers.

(8) Emery machines, e.g., for roughening the surface of the skin to produce a velvety effect.

(9) Brushing machines, e.g., to clean the skin and increase the velvety effect after roughening.

(10) Machines for glazing leather by working it with agate polishing stones, or with small rollers of agate or glass.

(11) Graining machines.

This group further includes machines for processing furskins. In general these skins receive pre-tanning and tanning treatment on similar machines to those described above, but the heading also includes those for treating the fur itself (e.g., for trimming the hair to an even length, for removing long hairs, for curling, combing, brushing or dyeing the fur).

The heading also excludes:

(a) Drying machines of heading 84.19.

(b) Calenders (e.g., for smoothing, glazing or graining leather) (heading 84.20).

(c) Centrifugal dryers (heading 84.21).

(d) Machines for spraying dyes, varnish, etc. (heading 84.24).

(e) Hog de-hairing machines of the type used in butchery (heading 84.38).

(f) General purpose presses (heading 84.79).

(g) Machines for measuring hides or skins (heading 90.31).

(II) MACHINERY FOR MAKING OR REPAIRING FOOTWEAR OR
OTHER ARTICLES OF HIDES, SKINS OR LEATHER

This group covers machinery for making or repairing articles made from hides, skins (including furskins) or leather (e.g., footwear, gloves, jackets and other articles of apparel, saddlery, book-covers, handbags, travel goods).

The group includes, inter alia:

(A) Skiving or paring machines for thinning the edges or certain other parts of pieces of leather before sewing or gluing them together.

(B) Machines for cutting out leather in particular shapes (e.g., shoe uppers, glove blanks, straps, etc.). The two most common types are the band-knife machine and the clicking press (which cuts out by the use of dies).

(C) Perforating machines, for ornamenting toe caps, glove backs, etc.

(D) Boot or shoe machinery, e.g.,:
It should be noted that some of the machines of this heading such as graining, cutting out, perforating, pricking, and even certain boot or shoe making machines, can be used for materials other than leather (e.g., cardboard, imitation leather or plastics); they remain, however, in this heading provided they are clearly designed to be used mainly for hides, skins or leather.

The heading does not, however, include:

(a) Boot or shoe lasts (classified according to the constituent material, generally heading 44.17).

(b) Wood-working machines for making clogs, wooden soles, heels, etc. (heading 84.65).

(c) Automatic shoe brushing machines and eyeletting machines (heading 84.79).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading, and dies and other interchangeable tools for these machines are also classified here.

84.54 Converters, ladles, ingot moulds and casting machines, of a kind used in metallurgy or in metal foundries.
(A) CONVERTERS

These are used for converting or refining metals (e.g., for converting iron into steel, or smelting copper or nickel mattes, galena, etc.) by subjecting the materials, previously melted or brought to a high temperature in a furnace, to a strong current of oxygen; by this action most of the carbon and dissolved elements such as manganese, silicon and phosphorus are oxidised and eliminated in the form of gas or molten slag. The oxidation increases the temperature of the metal further.

The most common types of converters are pear-shaped or cylindrical vessels consisting of an outer shell of heavy steel plates with an internal lining of refractory material. The oxygen is brought in either by a lance from above (LD-converters (Linz-Donawitz)) or through nozzles in the converter bottom (OBM-converters (Oxygen Bodenblasende Maximilianhütte)). Combinations of the two exist.

Other types include converters with the tuyères incorporated in the sides, rotating cylindrical converters, conical converters (for treating copper matte) with an internal metal grille for supporting the charge.

(B) LADLES

These are used to receive the molten metal from a furnace and pour it into converters or moulds; they are simple open containers generally lined with refractory material, usually fitted with devices to facilitate tipping or pouring and in some cases fitted with wheels. They are usually handled mechanically (e.g., by cranes), but the heading also covers foundry-type casting ladles manipulated by hand. Small hand ladles of the type used by tinsmiths, goldsmiths, etc., are excluded (heading 73.25 or 73.26).

(C) INGOT MOULDS

These may be of various shapes, in one piece or two halves, in which the molten metal is provisionally cast into, e.g., ingots, pigs, slabs.

Other moulds (e.g., for casting articles) are generally classified in heading 84.80.

The moulds of this group are of metal, usually iron or steel. Ingot moulds of graphite or other carbon or of ceramic material are, however, excluded (headings 68.15 and 69.03, respectively).

(D) CASTING MACHINES OF A KIND USED IN METALLURGY
OR IN METAL FOUNDRIES

This group includes:

(1) Machines (generally incorporating a conveyor belt or chain) for the successive filling, cooling and emptying of the moulds. These sometimes incorporate devices for shaking or tapping the moulds to facilitate the even setting of the molten metal.

(2) Machines for casting under pressure. These consist essentially of two adjustable plates to which are fixed the two halves of the mould. The liquid metal from a reservoir is forced into the mould, either by the direct action of compressed air on the free surface of liquid metal in the reservoir, or by the insertion of a piston into a closed reservoir full of the liquid metal. In some cases these machines incorporate cooling devices, to accelerate solidification of the metal, and arrangements for separating the cast article from the mould. They are mainly used for casting small non-ferrous metal articles. (3) Centrifugal casting machines in which the molten metal is led into a cylindrical mould rotating at high speed; the metal is thrown on to the sides of the mould and solidifies in the form of a pipe.

(4) Continuous casting machines. In these, steel is conveyed from the ladle in a distributor which feeds the different casting flow lines. These flow lines include:
The moulds to be used with the machines of this group fall usually in heading 68.15, 69.03 or 84.80.


PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machines of this heading.

84.55 Metal-rolling mills and rolls therefor.

(I) ROLLING MILLS

Rolling mills are metal working machines consisting essentially of a system of rollers between which the metal is passed; the metal is rolled out or shaped by the pressure exerted by the rollers, and at the same time the rolling modifies the structure of the metal and improves its quality. In some cases, in addition to their normal functions, rolling mills may be used to produce a pattern on the metal surface, or to roll together two or more sheets of different metals to produce a laminated product.

Similar machines for rolling materials other than metal, e.g., calenders, are excluded (heading 84.20). Other roller machines (e.g., for gumming metal foil on to a paper support) (heading 84.20), bending, folding, straightening or flattening machines (heading 84.62) are not regarded as rolling mills in the sense described above and are therefore also excluded from this heading.

Rolling mills are of various types according to the particular rolling operations for which they are designed, viz.:

(A) Rolling out to reduce the thickness with a corresponding increase in length (e.g., in the rolling of ingots into blooms, billets or slabs; rolling of slabs into sheet, strip, etc.).

(B) Rolling of blooms, billets, etc., to form a particular cross-section (e.g., in the production of bars, rods, angles, shapes, sections, girders, railway rails).

(C) Rolling tubes.

(D) Rolling of wheel blanks or wheel rim blanks (e.g., to shape the flanges of railway wheels). Most rolling mills are designed for the operations indicated at (A) or (B) above. The essential element of these is known as a “stand”, and consists of two, three or four rolls mounted horizontally one above the other in heavy metal housings, the metal being passed through an adjustable gap between the rollers. In three high and double two high stands, the metal, after being passed between two of the rollers, is then passed through two others; some stands have two or more additional rolls which act as support to give additional power and steadiness to the working rollers.

Most mills consist of a number of such stands arranged either side by side, or slightly staggered, or tandem fashion (for example, continuous rolling mills for sheets); the speeds and gaps of the rollers are adjusted to produce a progressive and gradual rolling down of the metal.

Certain rolling mills may have side rollers for working on the edges of the material, or for producing particular sections (e.g., girders).

For flat products (slabs, sheet, strip, etc.) the rollers are plain (except that certain finishing rollers may produce a simple ridged pattern). In many cases (e.g., for the operations under (B) above) the rolling is not done over the full width of the rolls, but the working rollers have channels cut in their surface so that a gap (or pass) of a particular shape is formed between the two rollers. The metal as it passes through is formed to the shape of the gap, and passing through a succession of such gaps, gradually varying in shape, the metal is thus worked to the desired cross-section.

Rolling mills of the kinds referred to above vary considerably in size, from small machines for rolling precious metals up to very heavy rolling mills for steel.

Most of the rolling mills referred to above are for hot rolling, but certain finishing mills (particularly for sheet or strip) roll the metal cold.

Among the rolling mills of the type referred to at (C) and (D) above are:

(1) Mannesmann or similar machines for piercing billets; these have large inclined rollers which rotate the heated billet and force it over a piercing mandrel, thus forming the rough tube.

(2) Mills for rolling out the pierced billets to reduce the thickness of the walls, increase the length and produce a satisfactory surface to the walls. The walls of the tube are worked between a mandrel or plug on the inside, and either rollers with a circular pass or conical rollers on the outside. In certain cases rollers with eccentrically cut channels to give a variable pass are used (step rolling).

(3) Finishing mills for tubes, to finish or reduce the thickness of the walls, or to reduce the diameter, or produce a perfect circular cross-section. These may operate with or without an internal mandrel.

(4) Radial mills for rolling the walls of large diameter cast steel tubes. The tube rotates between a number of rollers operating on the outside and corresponding rollers on the inside.

(5) Wheel or disc rolling mills. These usually consist of sets of conical or cylindrical rollers variouslyarranged, between which the roughly formed wheel revolves; the various parts of the wheel (e.g., flanges of railway wheels) are worked to the required shape by the pressure of the rollers. Similar machines are used for shaping flanged tyres for railway wheels, and for certain railway rails.

In general, the operation of rolling mills requires a large amount of auxiliary equipment such as guides, roller tables, handling equipment, re-heating furnaces, pickling tanks, strip coilers, shears and saws, cooling beds, weighing or marking machines, straightening or flattening machines, control apparatus (mechanical, electric or electronic), etc.
(II) ROLLS AND OTHER PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading covers parts of rolling mills. Among the parts covered by this heading are the rolls of rolling mills. These vary considerably in length and diameter, those for steel ranging approximately from 30 to 520 cm in length and from 18 to 137 cm in diameter. They are made of cast iron, or of cast or forged steel, usually specially hardened on the surface and carefully machined to exact dimensions; they may be plain, or with grooves of various shapes to form the necessary passes. Each roll ends in necks, often specially shaped for mounting in the housings of the rolling mill. Outside the roll necks, wobbler-ends are cut to which the driving force is applied.


84.56 Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultra­sonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic-beam or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines.
The machine-tools of this heading are machines used for the shaping or surface-working of any material. They must meet three essential requirements:

(i) They must work by removing material;

(ii) They must carry out operations of the kind performed by machine-tools equipped with conventional tools;

(iii) They must use one of the following seven processes : laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic-beam or plasma arc.

This heading also covers water-jet cutting machines described in Part (H) below.

This heading, however, excludes the following kinds of machines, which are provided for in heading 84.86:

(i) Machines for working any material by removal of material, of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture of semiconductor boules or wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits or flat panel displays.

(ii) Machines for working any material by removal of material, of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture or repair of masks and reticles.

(iii) Machines for dry-etching patterns on semiconductor materials. Examples of the foregoing products are (1) laser-beam machine tools which drill semiconductor crystals and (2) ultrasonic process machine-tools which cut semiconductor chips or which cut or drill ceramic substrates for integrated circuits.

(A) MACHINE-TOOLS FOR WORKING BY LASER OR OTHER LIGHT
OR PHOTON BEAM PROCESSES

Laser-beam machining (photonic machining) consists of bombarding a target with photons. This group covers, in particular, machines for drilling (metals, rubies for watches, etc.), machines for cutting metals or other hard materials and machines for engraving (figures, letters, lines, etc.) on various highly resistant materials.

(B) MACHINE-TOOLS FOR WORKING
BY ULTRASONIC PROCESSES

Ultrasonic machine-tools consist of a punch subjected to ultrasonic vibrations and an abrasive in suspension in a liquid. These machines may incorporate an abrasive recycling system.

This group includes machine-tools which are used, in particular: (1) For working diamond or metal carbide dies;

(2) For drilling or shaping minerals;

(3) For engraving glass;

(4) For milling, broaching or polishing.

(C) MACHINE-TOOLS FOR WORKING
BY ELECTRO-DISCHARGE PROCESSES
The principle of this type of machining is the removal of metal between two metallic electrodes (the workpiece and the tool) by sudden electrical discharges of very short duration at the rate of several hundred thousand cycles per second. This group covers, for example, high-frequency electric-spark cutting machines.

(D) MACHINE-TOOLS FOR WORKING
BY ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES

The principle of this type of machining is the removal of metal by electrolysis. The workpiece (anode) is a conductor of electricity as is the tool (cathode). Both are submerged in a selected electrolyte which makes cathodic deposition impossible, and all that occurs is anodic dissolution.

This group includes:

(1) Electrolytic polishing apparatus, used for polishing specimens for microscopic or metallurgical examination.

(2) Electrolytic sharpeners for sharpening cutting tools, cutting chip-breaker grooves or cutting metal carbide plates; these machines utilise a diamond wheel.

(3) Machines for deburring various kinds of gear-wheel by anodic dissolution.

(4) Machines for precision finishing flat surfaces, etc.
(E) MACHINE TOOLS FOR WORKING
BY ELECTRON BEAM PROCESSES

Electron beam machining consists of bombarding the workpiece on a very small surface with electrons emitted by a cathode, accelerated by an intense electrical field, and focussed by a system of magnetic or electrostatic lenses.

(F) MACHINE-TOOLS FOR WORKING
BY IONIC-BEAM PROCESSES

The beam of these machine-tools works by continuous action, not by impulses as in the case of the laser beam.

(G) MACHINE-TOOLS FOR WORKING
BY PLASMA ARC PROCESSES

Plasma arc machining involves intense ionisation of a gas by means of an electric current produced by a magnetic impulse generator under high tension. It permits cutting plates at a very high speed and rough-cutting and machining coarse-feeding threads.


(H) WATER-JET CUTTING MACHINES
This group includes water-jet and water-abrasive jet cutting machines. These are machines designed to cut materials by a process using streams of water or of water mixed with very fine abrasives, typically at a velocity of 2 to 3 times the speed of sound. They operate under pressures of 3,000 to 4,000 bars and are capable of making multiple types of precision cuts in a variety of materials. Water-jet cutting machines are typically used for softer materials (foam, soft rubber, gasket material, foils, etc.). Water-abrasive jet cutting machines are typically used for harder materials (tool steel, hard rubber, composites, stone, glass, aluminium, stainless steel, etc.).

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Ultrasonic apparatus for cleaning (heading 84.79).

(b) Soldering, brazing or welding machines and apparatus, whether or not capable of cutting (heading 85.15).

(c) Testing machines (heading 90.24).

84.57 Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines, for working metal.


This heading applies (see Note 4 to this Chapter) only to machine-tools for working metal (other than lathes (including turning centres)) which can carry out different types of machining operations on a single workpiece either:

(a) by automatic tool change from a magazine or the like in conformity with a machining programme (machining centres);

(b) by the automatic use, simultaneously or sequentially, of different unit heads working on a fixed position workpiece (unit construction machines, single station); or

(c) by the automatic transfer of the workpiece to different unit heads (multi-station transfer machines).

(A) MACHINING CENTRES

Machining centres are individual machines, i.e., all the machining operations are performed on a single (multi-function) machine. These centres must satisfy two conditions : they must carry out several machining operations and they must have automatic tool change, from a magazine or the like in conformity with a machining programme.

Consequently, this group covers machine-tools which carry out two or more machining operations by automatic tool change from a magazine or the like, whereas machine-tools which carry out one machining operation using a single tool or several tools working simultaneously or sequentially (for example, multiple-spindle drills or multiple-cutter milling machines) are classified in headings 84.59 to 84.61.

The automatic tool change requirement excludes from the heading multi-function machines (for example, machines which drill, bore, tap and mill) in which the various tools are not changed automatically. Such machines are to be classified in headings 84.59 to 84.61 in accordance with Note 3 to Section XVI or by application of Interpretative Rule 3 (c) unless, of course, they can be regarded as multi-station transfer machines, in which the workpiece is automatically transferred to the different unit heads (see Part (C) below).

Machining centres may also include auxiliary devices such as pallet changers, systems of pallet magazines or tool magazine changers.

(B) UNIT CONSTRUCTION MACHINES (SINGLE STATION)

Unit construction (single station) machines are multi-function machines in which the workpiece is held in a fixed position while the unit heads move relative to the workpiece to carry out the operation or the machine operations.

The unit heads are parts of the machines on which they are mounted and are used to hold, guide and actuate (rotate, advance, retract) the interchangeable tool. Rotating heads usually incorporate an electric motor, while translation heads usually incorporate a hydraulic cylinder: these two types of head may be combined.

This group covers unit construction machines (single station) carrying out two or more machining operations with the use of two or more unit heads.

However, machines carrying out one machining operation with the use of several unit heads or those carrying out several machining operations with the use of a single unit head are excluded.

(C) MULTI-STATION TRANSFER MACHINES

The machines of this group must satisfy three conditions: they must carry out several machining operations, they must work by the automatic transfer of the workpiece to the tool and they must be equipped with various unit heads.

A distinction is generally made between rotary transfer machines and linear transfer machines. In the former, the unit heads which perform the various operations are arranged in a circle on a common base. The workpiece travels around the circle in such a way that, at each stop (station), it is worked on by the tools of the corresponding unit head (for example, drilling, boring, tapping). In linear transfer machines, the unit heads are arranged in a line on a common base and work successively on the workpiece as it travels from one head to another, along the line.

In accordance with Chapter Note 4 (c) this heading does not cover transfer lines consisting of various machines linked by a conveyor carrying the workpieces.

Under the terms of the above-mentioned Chapter Note, this heading also excludes “flexible manufacturing systems” (FMS) which consist of several machines, generally numerically controlled, or several groups of machines, together with automatic handling facilities such as lifting frames, conveyors, unmanned trolleys, manipulators and industrial robots, for conveying the workpieces to the machines or removing them after machining. The various groups of machines and the handling facilities which constitute the flexible manufacturing system are controlled by automatic data processing machines.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Machine-tools for working any material, by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic beam or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines (heading 84.56).

(b) Lathes (including turning centres) for removing metal (heading 84.58).

(c) Way-type unit head machines (heading 84.59).

(d) Soldering, brazing or welding machines and apparatus of headings 84.68 and 85.15.


84.58 Lathes (including turning centres) for removing metal.
The lathes (including turning centres) of this heading are machines used for surface-working metal by cutting away or otherwise removing metal.

These machines can be distinguished from tools (pneumatic, hydraulic or with motor) for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, or on a bench, or on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

The heading includes:

(1) Lathes, whether or not automatic, including slide lathes, vertical lathes, capstan or turret lathes, production (or copying) lathes. However, spinning lathes which function by deforming the metal are classified in heading 84.63.

(2) Spindle or axle turning machines, for turning simultaneously and symmetrically the two ends of the spindles or axles of large wheels, etc.

(3) Turning centres, for removing metal.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the lathes of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic-beam or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines (heading 84.56).

(b) Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines, for working metal (heading 84.57).

(c) Cutting-off machines (heading 84.61).

(d) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(e) Machines and appliances for testing, of heading 90.24.
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 8458.11 and 8458.91

Numerically controlled machine-tools are, as a group, know by their abbreviations CNC (Computer Numerical Control) or NC (Numerical Control). The terms “Computer Numerical Control” and “Numerical Control” can be regarded as synonymous. To qualify as a numerically controlled machine-tool, the functions and movements of the machine-tool, tool or workpiece must be performed according to pre-programmed instructions. The programming is normally executed in an NC-specific language, for example, ISO-code. Programs and other data are stored in order to be accessible directly or subsequently. Numerically controlled machine-tools always integrate a control unit (separate “stand alone” unit or built in), incorporating an automatic data processing machine or a microprocessor, as well as servo systems, in order to achieve the desired motions of the machine-tool, tool or workpiece. CNC-machines, CNC-lathes and NC-milling machines are examples of numerically controlled machine-tools.

If the control unit is not presented with the machine-tool, the latter is nevertheless to be considered as a numerically controlled machine-tool provided it has the specific characteristics of this type of machine.


84.59 Machine-tools (including way-type unit head machines) for drilling, boring, milling, threading or tapping by removing metal, other than lathes (including turning centres) of heading 84.58.
This heading covers machine-tools for drilling, boring, milling, threading or tapping by removing metal, other than lathes (including turning centres) of heading 84.58.
In general machine-tools are power-driven but similar machines, worked by hand or pedal, are also covered by this heading. These latter types can be distinguished from the hand tools of heading 82.05 and from the tools for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, on a bench, on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

This heading covers :

(1) Way-type unit head machines. These machines, which are designed to perform drilling, boring, milling, threading or tapping operations, have no attached base. They consist only of a “frame” holding a motor and a tool holder and are equipped with guides (ways) and can therefore move back and forth repetitively when placed on a suitable base. The workpiece is inserted in a work holder independent of the way-type unit head machine which moves back and forth horizontally for drilling, boring, etc.

(2) Drilling machines. These are used for cutting cylindrical holes, including recessed holes, in articles by means of a rotating tool called a drill or bit. The article remains immobile during the working of the tool which is rotated (cutting action) or fed into the work (feed action). This heading also covers drilling machines which employ a fixed tool to work a rotating article, or like machines using both processes.
(3) Boring machines. These further work the internal surface of an existing hole to exact dimensions. Boring may be cylindrical, conical or spherical. Boring machines are used, for example, for working to exact dimensions the cylinder bores of piston engines or pumps. The operation of boring involves the use of free standing facing tools with fixed dimensions (borer drills, straight or helically-fluted finishing borers) or variable dimensions (expanding-end borers, inset-strip borers, micrometrically adjustable boring heads, boring heads with inset cutters) or with tools working on a guideway (adjustable, expanding or non-adjustable cutters and hollow one-piece sleeves or sleeves with inset parts). This heading includes, inter alia, vertical boring machines, horizontal boring machines (with fixed or moveable mounting), multiple boring machines, boring machines for duplicating the interiors of hollow-bored shafts as well as machines commonly called miller-borers fitted with a composite spindle made up of two concentric spindles which may function independently; the interior spindle consists of a long sleeve allowing the attachment of a boring bar (spindle borer), while the external spindle, generally coupled to a plate in a rigid manner, is adapted for fitting with a milling cutter (milling spindle). This heading also covers those machines designed and built essentially for boring, even if they are adapted for carrying out other additional operations (for example, drilling, surfacing, milling, turning and sometimes even screw cutting). On the other hand, lathes (including turning centres) which carry out boring as an auxiliary or additional operation are classified in heading 84.58.

(4) Milling machines. These work a plane or profile surface by means of rotating tools (known as milling cutters), the circular cutting movement is combined with a traversing movement of the article fixed on the machine table. Milling machines include, inter alia, horizontal milling machines, vertical milling machines, horizontal-vertical milling machines, milling machines with adjustable heads, plane-milling machines, universal milling machines which, in addition to the normal milling work, can by means of a dividing head mounted on the machine, mill splines in a shaft, or spur or helical gears, repetitive milling machines, milling machines for grooving or chamfering, engraving millers.

(5) Tapping machines (i.e., machines to produce a screw thread in an existing hole) and threading machines for threading bolts, screws, etc. It should be noted that thread milling machines are regarded as milling machines.
PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic-beam or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines (heading 84.56).

(b) Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines, for working metal (heading 84.57).

(c) Lathes (including turning centres) for removing metal (heading 84.58).

(d) Machine-tools for planing and other machine-tools working by removing metal, of heading 84.61.

(e) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(f) Machines and appliances for testing, of heading 90.24.

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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheadings 8459.21, 8459.31, 8459.51 and 8459.61

See the Explanatory Note to subheadings 8458.11 and 8458.91.

Subheadings 8459.51 and 8459.59

The machines of these subheadings can be identified by the presence of a console which consists of a horizontal element which moves vertically on a stand by means of guideways. This stand supports the worktable which is operated in a transverse direction. The console usually contains the devices necessary to drive the machines.


84.60 Machine-tools for deburring, sharpening, grinding, honing, lapping, polishing or otherwise finishing metal or cermets by means of grinding stones, abrasives or polishing products, other than gear cutting, gear grinding or gear finishing machines of heading 84.61.
This heading covers certain surface-finishing machines for metal or cermets, but excludes gear cutting, gear grinding or gear finishing machines (heading 84.61). These machines work by removing material by means of grinding stones, abrasives or polishing products. For the purposes of this heading the expression “polishing products” means the following :

(1) polishing discs made from metal carbides, steel, soft metal, wood, felt, textile material or leather;

(2) wire brushes;

(3) polishing pads.

In general machine-tools are power-driven but similar machines, worked by hand or pedal, are also covered by this heading. These latter types can be distinguished from the hand tools of heading 82.05 and from the tools for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, on a bench, on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

The heading includes:

(1) Deburring machines with metal brushes or abrasives, for trimming rough castings or the rough edges of cut metal.

(2) Sharpening machines (tool and cutter grinding machines) including machines for grinding cermets or hard metal tool tips as well as card sharpening machines.

(3) Grinding machines, of different types (e.g., internal surface grinders, centreless surface grinders, surface grinding machines, thread grinding machines, machines for grinding valves and valve seats) whose function is to perfect, to the desired degree of precision, the work of other machines.

(4) Honing and lapping machines for producing a precision-fit surface.

(5) Polishing machines for finishing the surface of the workpiece.

(6) Engraving machines excluding those of heading 84.59 or 84.61.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the general Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hand tools or hand or pedal operated grinding wheels (heading 82.05).

(b) Sand blasting machines (heading 84.24).

(c) Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic-beam or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines (heading 84.56).

(d) Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines, for working metal (heading 84.57).

(e) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(f) Rotating drums for de-sanding, de-scaling or polishing metal goods (heading 84.79).

(g) Testing machines and apparatus (heading 90.24).
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 8460.11, 8460.21 and 8460.31

See the Explanatory Note to subheadings 8458.11 and 8458.91.

84.61 Machine-tools for planing, shaping, slotting, broaching, gear cutting, gear grinding or gear finishing, sawing, cutting-off and other machine-tools working by removing metal or cermets, not elsewhere specified or included.
The heading covers machine-tools working by removing metal or cermets, not elsewhere specified or included.

In general machine-tools are power-driven but similar machines, worked by hand or pedal, are also covered by this heading. These latter types can be distinguished from the hand tools of heading 82.05 and from the tools for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, on a bench, on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

The heading includes:

(1) Planing machines which are for working the external plane or sectional surfaces of an article with the help of tools with a single cutting edge. These are machine-tools in which the tool is fixed while the table holding the article to be planed moves with a reciprocating planar motion. However, certain large planing machines such as pit planing machines or plate edge planers have a fixed table and are used for working articles of a great length (e.g., rails). Some planing machines are fitted with one or two auxiliary or additional milling machine carriages, which replace an equal number of planing carriages. These machine-tools called “planing and milling machines” are considered as planing machines, even though it is possible by reducing the speed of the table to use them for milling work. They must not be confused with some milling machines called “ plano-milling machines ” of heading 84.59, the appearance of which is similar to that of a planing machine, but which are equipped only with milling carriages. Planing machines may also possess one or two grinding slides in addition to planing carriages. The addition of these grinding heads allows these planing machines to be used as table surface trueing machines. Some models are fitted at one and the same time with planing carriages, milling carriages and grinding slides, while others are fitted with devices to allow them to carry out slotting work.

(2) Shaping machines which are machine-tools operating on the planing principle and which can be differentiated from planing machines by the fact that the article to be worked is fixed during the cut, while the tool moves with a reciprocating linear movement. Because of the overhang of the tool holder, its maximum run is limited and for this reason the shaping machine is usually restricted to working articles of small dimensions.

(3) Slotting machines which are machine-tools operating by the planing method in which the article to be worked is immobile during the cut, while the tool is moved with a reciprocating linear movement in vertical or sometimes inclined direction. These machines, by reference to use, are slotting tools which are machines characterised by their short slide stroke; slotting-punching machines for carrying out the work necessary for the rapid removal of considerable quantities of material from an extra thick article. These machines use either slide tools (with a single cutting edge), or a punching tool (with four cutting edges); vertical slotting machines; slotting with transverse displacement slide; machines called “grooving machines” (by pulling or pushing), the working process of which resembles that of broaching machines the difference being the tool used.

(4) Broaching machines. The tool (the broach) is pulled or pushed across the work or through a hole, for surface working or shaping. Among the different types of broaching machines are horizontal or vertical machines with simple slide; double machines (“duplex”) which consist of two slides each working on one broach or broaching presses which are vertical machines working on the broach by pressure.

(5) Gear-cutting, gear-grinding and gear-finishing machines. This heading covers gear-cutting machines designed exclusively for making gears by removing metal from cylindrical or conical blanks. Gear-cutting machines work principally according to the following processes:
(6) Sawing machines. Depending on the form of tool used, the following machines on this type can be distinguished:
(7) Cutting-off machines. These machine-tools differ from sawing machines by virtue of the tools they use. The latter can be either cutting tools analogous to lathe tools, or abrasive or metal discs. (8) Filing machines, which are of similar design to reciprocating sawing machines but which use a file rather than a blade.

(9) Engraving machines, other than those of heading 84.59 or 84.60.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hand tools (heading 82.05).

(b) Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic-beam or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines (heading 84.56).

(c) Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines, for working metal (heading 84.57).

(d) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(e) Machines and appliances for testing, of heading 90.24.


84.62 Machine-tools (including presses) for working metal by forging, hammering or die-stamping; machine-tools (including presses) for working metal by bending, folding, straightening, flattening, shearing, punching or notching; presses for working metal or metal carbides, not specified above.
The heading covers certain machine-tools, listed in the heading text, which work by changing the shape or form of metal or metal carbides.

In general machine-tools are power-driven but similar machines, worked by hand or pedal, are also covered by this heading. These latter types can be distinguished from the hand tools of heading 82.05 and from the tools for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, on a bench, on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

The heading includes:

(1) Forging and stamping machines. Broadly speaking forging includes all processes for working heated metal by impact or by pressure, either to eliminate puddling slag (shingling) or to shape the metal. Except in the case of shingling where the metal is worked in the form of balls, the metal to be shaped is either in the form of semi-finished products such as blooms, billets or sheet bars, or in the form of bars and rods, usually of circular section. Forging can be described more precisely as an operation which uses heat but no dies. Stamping (or cutting out) is a process for forcing metal, by impact or pressure to fill the hollows of metal moulds called dies. This operation is carried out hot for hard metals (notably steel) or cold for soft metals. Generally a press is used. In the process of stamping or cutting out, the dies completely enclose the workpiece. In certain cases, however, a single metal die operating on only one part of the unworked piece is used. This die is then called a stamp and the operation is termed stamping. Stamping machines can eliminate the “flash” produced during stamping or cutting out. This trimming operation is carried out with the aid of special cutting dies. The finishing operation carried out by a precision die-stamper is, in fact, described as sizing. This sizing produces the necessary precise dimensions. The following are examples of machine-tools specially designed and built for carrying out the operations described above:
(2) Bending machines. These include machines for working flat products (sheets, plates and strips) which, by passing the products through three or four sets of rollers, give them a cylindrical curve (for this the rollers are parallel as with tube forming machines) or else a conical shape (in which the rollers are not parallel); machines for working non-flat products (bars, rods, angles, shapes, sections, tubes). These machines work either by means of forming rollers, by press bending, or, for tubes (and, in particular, oil pipes), by drawing their ends while the main section is held by a fixed cylinder.

(3) Folding machines. These machines include the following:
(4) Straightening machines and flattening machines. These machines are for remedying imperfections in non-flat products, such as wire, bars, rods, tubes, angles, shapes and sections, or flat products, such as sheets or strip, arising during their manipulation after manufacture. Flattening machines include the following, for example: (5) Shearing machines. The shearing process involves two cutting tools with faces in the same plane applied vertically to the metal to be cut. These tools penetrate the metal which is subjected to plastic deformation and the fibres of which, under progressively more and more pressure and penetration, rupture along the line of the blades. Machines of this type include: balance shears, lever shears and guillotine shears which use blades; rotary shearing machines which, instead of blades, use tools in the form of discs or frustums of cones.

(6) Punching machines used for perforating, notching or cutting metal by means of two tools adjusted one inside the other. The punching tool is called the punch while the other is called the die. Rupture of the metal is effected as in shearing and the shape of the hole obtained depends on the shape of the tools.

The different machines of this type include machines for making gears by punching.

(7) Notching machines are small machines used for working various sections (L, T, I or U sections) and half-rounds, either to prepare them for assembly (for example, grooves, slots, tenons and dovetails), or simply to cut or pierce them.

(8) Extruding presses for extruding bars, rods, wire, angles, shapes, sections, tubes, etc. These presses are designed to force a mass of metal through an extrusion die with the help of a punch. Depending on the malleability of the metal, this operation is carried out hot or cold.

(9) Presses for moulding metallic powders by sintering.

(10) Presses for compressing metal scrap into bales.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hand tools (heading 82.05).

(b) Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines, for working metal (heading 84.57).

(c) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(d) Machines for stamping address plates (heading 84.72).

(e) Pig iron breakers and special stamping mills for breaking up cast iron scrap (heading 84.79).

(f) Machine-tools for bending, folding and straightening semiconductor leads (heading 84.86).

(g) Testing machines and apparatus (heading 90.24).

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 8462.21, 8462.31 and 8462.41

See the Explanatory Note to subheadings 8458.11 and 8458.91.

84.63 Other machine-tools for working metal or cermets, without removing material.
With the exception of the machine-tools of heading 84.62, this heading covers machine-tools which work metal or cermets, without removing material.

In general machine-tools are power-driven but similar machines, worked by hand or pedal, are also covered by this heading. These latter types can be distinguished from the hand tools of heading 82.05 and from the tools for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, on a bench, on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

The heading includes:

(1) Drawing machines (draw benches), for the bright-drawing of bars, tubes, shapes, sections, wire or similar products.

(2) Thread rolling machines in which the threads on bolts or screws are obtained by rolling and pressing and not by cutting.

(3) Machines for working wire e.g., for manufacturing wire goods such as springs, barbed wire, chains, pins, wire nails or staples, and hooks. The heading also covers machines which, being of a kind specially designed for making wire grill or netting, differ from the ordinary textile weaving loom both as regards their method of operation and their constituent parts. Assembly looms using precrimped wire are excluded (heading 84.79, etc.).

Machinery for making ropes or stranded cables of metal wire or of mixed textile and wire is also excluded (heading 84.79).

(4) Machines for spiralling fine metal wire in the manufacture of electric lamp filaments.

(5) Riveting machines apart from presses of heading 84.62.

(6) Swaging machines, in which tubes or bars are forced through rotating dies to reduce the diameter.

(7) Spinning lathes. These machines differ from those of heading 84.58 by the fact that they operate by deforming the metal.

(8) Machines for manufacturing flexible tubes of spiral metal strip.

(9) Electro-magnetic-pulse metal-forming machines (or magneto-forming machines), using the force of a magnetic flux to shape, without removing any material, a metal workpiece, usually tubular, with the aid of a die.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hand tools (heading 82.05).

(b) Banding machines for banding bales, machines for closing cans or other containers (heading 84.22).

(c) Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines, for working metal (heading 84.57).

(d) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(e) Testing machines and apparatus (heading 90.24).


84.64 Machine-tools for working stone, ceramics, concrete, asbestos-cement or like mineral materials or for cold-working glass. In general machine-tools are power-driven but similar machines, worked by hand or pedal, are also covered by this heading. These latter types can be distinguished from the hand tools of heading 82.05 and from the tools for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, on a bench, on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

(I) MACHINES FOR WORKING STONE, CERAMICS, CONCRETE, ASBESTOS-CEMENT OR LIKE MINERAL MATERIALS

This group covers not only machines for working natural stone, but also those for working similar hard materials (ceramics, concrete, artificial stone, asbestos-cement, etc.). Although most machines for working precious or semi-precious stones have special features (higher precision, etc.), they are nevertheless classified in this heading.

The heading includes:

(A) Sawing or cutting machines, such as:
(B) Machines for splitting or cleaving.

(C) Machines for grinding, smoothing, polishing, graining, etc.

(D) Machines for drilling or milling.

(E) Machines for turning, engraving, carving, cutting mouldings, etc.

(F) Machines for cutting or dressing grinding wheels.

(G) Machine-tools for working ceramic products (drilling, cutting, milling, polishing, etc.), except machines for working ceramic paste or unfired articles of ceramic materials (e.g., machines for moulding or shaping ceramic paste, heading 84.74).

(II) MACHINE-TOOLS FOR COLD WORKING GLASS

This category covers machine-tools used for cold-working glass, but it excludes machines used for hot-working glass (i.e., glass heated until it becomes fluid or plastic) (heading 84.75). Nevertheless, the fact that in some cases the glass is slightly heated to facilitate certain processes does not exclude the machines from this heading, since they are working on glass which still retains the consistency of a hard material.

Many of these machines carry out operations similar to those mentioned in paragraph (I) above in connection with stone or the like.

Others, on the other hand, are employed for more specific work, e.g., decorative finishing, or for certain specialised uses (e.g., optical or watch-making). The following, in particular, fall in this latter category: (1) Glass cutting machines, of the wheel or diamond type.

(2) Glass cutting (shaping) machines, for facetting, or for cut-glass articles.

(3) Trueing, grinding, etc., machines, used mainly for smoothing edges, levelling bases or trimming moulded objects.

(4) Polishing machines. Polishing is sometimes followed by a still more specialised finishing process, known as smoothing, executed by felt disc machines; such machines also fall in this heading.

(5) Engraving machines of the grinding wheel or diamond type; sand jet engraving machines are, however, excluded (heading 84.24).

(6) Machine-tools used for finishing or polishing optical, spectacle or clock or watch glass. These include the special circular glass-cutter which is used to cut out eye-pieces for spectacles, and also machines for shaping or polishing optical glass by wearing down the surface of lenses, prisms, spectacle lenses (spherical, ring-shaped, cylindrical, multi-focus, etc.), etc.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading fall in heading 84.66.

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This heading also excludes:

(a) Hand tools or hand or pedal operated grinding wheels (heading 82.05).

(b) Machines for twisting glass fibres into yarns, weaving machines, and other machines of heading 84.45 or 84.46.

(c) Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic or plasma arc processes and other machines of heading 84.56.

(d) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(e) Crushing, grinding, mixing, moulding, agglomerating, casting, brick-making, etc., machines (heading 84.74).

(f) Machine-tools for sawing, scribing or scoring semiconductor boules or wafers (e.g., “wafer dicers”), and machine-tools for grinding, polishing or lapping semiconductor boules or wafers or flat panel displays (heading 84.86).

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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheading 8464.10

This subheading covers the sawing or cutting machines described in paragraph (A) of Part (I) of the Explanatory Note to heading 84.64.

84.65 Machine-tools (including machines for nailing, stapling, glueing or otherwise assembling) for working wood, cork, bone, hard rubber, hard plastics or similar hard materials.
This heading covers machine-tools for the shaping or surface-working (including cutting, forming and assembling) of wood (and materials derived from wood), cork, bone, hardened rubber, hard plastics and similar hard materials (horn, corozo, mother of pearl, ivory, etc.).

The heading excludes machines for working materials which although referred to in the heading do not possess the characteristics of hard materials at the time work commences on them. For this reason, machines for cutting or slicing supple plastics or unhardened rubber are excluded (heading 84.77). Furthermore, the heading does not cover machines for making articles from granules or powder, such as machines for moulding plastic materials (heading 84.77), machines for agglomerating or moulding particles or fibres of wood or other ligneous matter (heading 84.79) or other similar machines. Although they might be considered to be for the treatment of the materials mentioned in the heading, the heading also excludes, in general, machines and apparatus whose function is not to work the material or its surface, e.g., those for the drying of wood or the ageing of it by desiccation (heading 84.19), machines for the expansion of cork (heading 84.19) or machines for compressing, agglomerating or impregnating wood (heading 84.79).

In general, machine-tools are power-driven but similar machines, worked by hand or pedal, are also covered by this heading. These latter types can be distinguished from the hand tools of heading 82.05 and from the tools for working in the hand of heading 84.67, by the fact that they are usually designed to be mounted on the floor, on a bench, on a wall or on another machine, and are thus usually provided with a base plate, mounting frame, stand, etc.

(A) MACHINES NOT NORMALLY SPECIALISED FOR
A PARTICULAR INDUSTRY

This group includes:

(1) Sawing machines of all types. They operate by means of blades or chains generally provided with teeth. They include:
(2) Moulding and planing machines, which prepare the surface of the workpiece using blades which remove chips of the material. These include machines which work on one or two surfaces and planing machines which can work on up to all four surfaces.

(3) Machines for moulding and milling, which shape the workpiece using profiled rotating tools which remove chips of the material. These include, for example, spindle moulding machines, single-end tenoning machines, dovetailing machines, grooving machines, countersinking machines, pattern milling and recessing machines, copying machines (other than lathes), 1, 2, 3 or 4-side moulding machines, profile forming machines, with rotating workpiece, slotting machines and log-milling machines (canters). This group also includes CNC milling mlachines.

(4) CNC work centres. These machines carry out several machining operations and have automatic tool change, from a magazine or the like in conformity with a machining programme. Consequently, this group covers machine-tools which carry out two or more machining operations by automatic tool change from a magazine or the like, whereas machine-tools which carry out one machining operation using a single tool or several tools working simultaneously or sequentially (for example, multiple-spindle drills or multiple-cutter milling machines) remain classified in their respective subheadings as drilling or milling machines.

(5) Grinding, sanding and polishing machines. Grinding machines which use grindstones are principally used for hard products such as corozo, hard rubber, horn and ivory. Sanding machines use abrasives to improve the surface finish as well as the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece. This group includes those with an oscillating action, belt sanders, disc sanders, bobbin and drum sanders. Machines known as smoothing machines are also in this group. Polishing machines impart a lustre, by means of bands, drums or flexible rollers, to a workpiece previously given a smooth finish.

(6) Bending machines which mechanically change the form or physical characteristics of the workpiece by action on its structure.

(7) Assembling machines.

These include:
(8) Drilling machines. These are used solely to drill a circular hole using a rotating tool (spindle or bit). The centre of the tool and of the hole to be drilled are along a common axis. This group includes single and multiple drilling spindle machines, knot hole drilling machines and dowel hole drilling machines. CNC drilling machines also belong to this group.

(9) Morticing machines. These cut non-cylindrical holes using a chisel, a mortice chain or routing bit, e.g., slot, chisel or chain morticing machines.

(10) Splitting, stamping, fragmenting, paring and slicing machines. All these machines transform a workpiece mechanically without removing chips of wood. These include: (11) Lathes, which are used to fashion a workpiece by a motion about its own axis, the tool not turning. This group includes lathes of all kinds, including copying lathes.

(12) Tree delimbing or bucking machines.

(13) Wood de-barking machinery (log decorticators, post peeling machines, etc.), other than water-jet bark strippers of heading 84.24 and barking drums of heading 84.79.

(14) Knot-boring machines for preparing logs (e.g., for use in making paper pulp).

The heading also includes machines which can carry out different types of machining operations without tool change between such operations.

Examples are:

(1) Combined joinery machines having in a single unit several machines with different functions, used independently of each other. With this type of machine it is necessary to give manual assistance to the workpiece between each operation. These include machines for surface planing combined with one or more other operations and sawing-moulding-morticing machines.

(2) Multi-purpose machines in which, unlike the previous group, no further manual assistance is required after the insertion of the workpiece. These include single-end tenoning machines with several spindles, double-end tenoning machines, machines for positioning hardware, dowel holes, etc., machines for assembling, using adhesives and finishing (for the production of veneer strips or making panels from laths).

(B) MACHINE-TOOLS SPECIALISED
FOR A PARTICULAR INDUSTRY

This group includes:

(1) Cooperage machinery (e.g., stave-jointing, stave-planing, stave-bending, stave croze cutting or cask crozing machines; cask assembly machines; machines for driving the hoops over a cask). But the heading excludes cask or stave steaming apparatus (heading 84.19).

(2) Machinery used in the pencil-making industry.

(3) Machines for the morticing or boring of railway sleepers.

(4) Wood-sculpturing machines, engraving machines, including copying machines.

(5) Wood flour grinding machines. But the heading excludes defibrators used in the paper pulp industry (heading 84.39).

(6) Machines for nailing, stapling, glueing or otherwise assembling boxes, crates, cases, casks, etc.

(7) Wooden button-making machines.

(8) Machines for making clogs, wooden soles or heels for shoes, or shoe-trees.

(9) Machinery for working osier, cane, etc. (peeling, splitting, rounding, etc.), other than machines for the manufacture of basketwork or wickerwork (heading 84.79).

The heading includes machine-tools used for working cork (e.g., by sawing, cutting-out, cutting, polishing), bone, hard rubber, hard plastics and similar hard materials. These machines are, in general, designed on the same principles as machine-tools for wood-working.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories (other than the tools of Chapter 82) of the machine-tools of this heading are classified in heading 84.66.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Bamboo crushers, wood chip cutting machines and log grinding machines used in pulp manufacture (heading 84.39).

(b) Machine-tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic or plasma arc processes and other machines of heading 84.56.

(c) Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(d) Deflash machines for cleaning and removing contaminants from the metal leads of semiconductor packages (heading 84.86).

84.66 Parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of headings 84.56 to 84.65, including work or tool holders, self-opening dieheads, dividing heads and other special attachments for machine-tools; tool holders for any type of tool for working in the hand.


With the exception of the tools of Chapter 82 and subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading covers:

(A) Parts of the machines of headings 84.56 to 84.65.

(B) Accessories for these machines, that is, subsidiary devices used in connection with the machines, such as interchangeable devices which modify the machine so that it can perform a wider range of operations; devices to increase precision; devices which perform a particular service relative to the main function of the machine.

(C) Tool holders for any type of tool for working in the hand.

The very wide range of parts and accessories classified here includes:

(1) Tool holders which hold, guide or operate the working tool and which permit the interchange of such tool-pieces. They are of very varied types, e.g.: This heading also includes tool holders for any type of tool designed for operation in the hand. Such holders are usually designed for the tools of heading 82.05 or 84.67, but this heading also includes tool holders for flexible shaft outfits. (See also the provisions of the Explanatory Notes to headings 84.67 and 85.01).

(2) Work holders designed to hold and sometimes manipulate (as required for a particular operation) the part being worked by the machine. These include:
(3) Auxiliary attachments for notching, for spherical turning, etc.

(4) Copying attachments (including those which are electrically or electronically operated) for the automatic reproduction of work according to a pattern.

(5) Surface-finishing attachments for lathes, planing, shaping, etc., machines.

(6) Mechanical or pneumatic attachments used to automatically control the progress of the work or the tool in the course of working.

(7) Other special auxiliary attachments, designed to increase the precision of the machine without actually entering into its operation. They include centring or levelling attachments; dividing heads; indexing tables; micrometer carriage stops; carriage spacing attachments, etc. Such attachments remain in the heading even if incorporating an optical device to assist in reading the scale or in carrying out adjustments (e.g., “optical” dividing heads). However the heading excludes apparatus which are in themselves essentially optical apparatus, e.g., centring microscopes (heading 90.11), alignment or levelling telescopes and image projecting test apparatus (heading 90.31), etc.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Grinding wheels and similar abrasive tools of heading 68.04.

(b) Magnetic or electro-magnetic oil filters (heading 84.21).

(c) Auxiliary devices for lifting or handling (e.g., levelling jacks sometimes used to support very large or heavy work during machining) (heading 84.25, etc).

(d) Gear-boxes and other speed changers, clutches and similar transmission equipment (heading 84.83).

(e) Parts and accessories, including work or tool holders and other special attachments for machine-tools or water-jet cutting machines, suitable for use solely or principally with the machines and apparatus of (heading 84.86).

(f) Electric (including electronic) parts and accessories (e.g., magnetic chucks and numerical control panels) (Chapter 85).

(g) Measuring or checking apparatus (heading 90.31).

(h) Revolution counters and production counters (heading 90.29).

(ij) Brushes for mounting on machines (heading 96.03).


84.67 Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor. This heading covers tools which incorporate an electric motor, a compressed air motor (or compressed air operated piston), an internal combustion motor or any other motor (e.g., small hydraulic turbine); the compressed air motor is generally operated by an external source of compressed air, and in the case of the internal combustion motor the ignition batteries are sometimes separate. In pneumatic tools the action of the compressed air is sometimes supplemented by hydraulic connections.

The heading covers such tools only if for working in the hand. The expression "tools for working in the hand" means tools designed to be held in the hand during use, and also heavier tools (such as earth rammers) which are portable, that is, which can be lifted and moved by hand by the user, in particular while work is in progress, and which are also designed to be controlled and directed by hand during operation. To obviate the fatigue of taking their full weight during operation they may be used with auxiliary supporting devices (e.g., tripods, jacklegs, overhead lifting tackle).

However, certain tools for working in the hand of this heading have fittings permitting them to be temporarily fixed to a support. They remain classified here, together with the support if it is presented therewith, provided the tools are essentially "for working in the hand" as defined above.

Some of the tools covered by this heading may be fitted with auxiliary devices (e.g., a fanwheel and its dust-bag to remove and collect dust during working).

The heading excludes tools which, because of their weight, size, etc., obviously cannot be used in the hand as described above. It also excludes tools (whether or not portable) fitted with a base plate or other device for fixing to the wall, bench, floor, etc., those with provisions for running on rails (e.g., machines for slotting or drilling railway sleepers) and walk-behind or similar hand-directed machines on wheels, e.g., floor grinding machines, for concrete, marble, or wood, etc.

The heading further excludes combinations consisting of a tool holder with one or more tools, and a separate spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine or a separate electric motor with a flexible shaft; the tool holder is classified in heading 84.66, the motor with its flexible shaft in heading 84.07 or 85.01, as the case may be, and the tools in their own appropriate headings.

The tools of this heading include tools for working various materials and are used in various industries.

Subject to the conditions above, the tools of this heading include, inter alia:

(1) Drilling, tapping or reaming machines.

(2) Boring machines, rock drills and the like.

(3) Wrenches, screwdrivers, nut setters.

(4) Planing, gauging, surfacing or similar appliances.

(5) Filing machines, grinders, sanders, polishers and the like.

(6) Wire brush machines.

(7) Circular saws, chain saws and the like.

(8) Hammers of various types, such as chipping hammers, de-scaling hammers, caulking hammers, riveting hammers, concrete breakers.

(9) Squeeze-type riveters; rivet busters and other chisel-operated appliances.

(10) Sheet metal cutters (shear type or nibbler type).

(11) Sand rammers, de-coring tools for removing cores from castings, mould vibrators for foundries.

(12) Earth compacting rammers for road building or maintenance.

(13) Automatic spades.

(14) Concrete vibrators to facilitate the flow and setting of concrete.

(15) Hedge trimmers.

(16) Hydraulically driven boiler type de-scalers.

(17) Compressed air type greasing pistols for garages, etc.

(18) Portable machines for trimming lawns, cutting grass in corners, along walls, borders or under bushes, for example. Such machines have a self-contained motor in a light metal frame and a cutting device usually consisting of a thin nylon thread.

(19) Portable brush-cutters with a self-contained motor, a drive shaft (rigid or flexible) and a tool holder, presented together with various interchangeable cutting tools for mounting in the tool holder.

(20) Cutters for cutting textiles in the ready-made clothing industry.

(21) Engraving tools.

(22) Electric hand scissors, comprising a fixed cutter blade and a mobile cutter blade operated by a built-in electrical motor, for use in dressmakers' and milliners' workrooms, households, etc.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts (other than tool holders of heading 84.66) of the tools of this heading.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Grinding, sharpening, polishing, cutting wheels and the like, of stone, ceramics or agglomerated abrasives (heading 68.04).

(b) Tools of Chapter 82.

(c) Air compressors (heading 84.14).

(d) Liquid or powder sprayers, hand controlled spray guns, sand blasting apparatus and the like (heading 84.24).

(e) Electric lawn mowers (heading 84.33).

(f) Electro-mechanical domestic appliances (heading 85.09).

(g) Electric shavers, hair clippers and hair-removing appliances of heading 85.10.

(h) Electro-mechanical hand tools for medical or dental purposes (heading 90.18).


84.68 Machinery and apparatus for soldering, brazing or welding, whether or not capable of cutting, other than those of heading 85.15; gas-operated surface tempering machines and appliances.

The heading covers:

(A) Soldering, brazing or welding machinery and apparatus, whether or not capable of cutting, gas-operated or using processes other than those referred to in the text of heading 85.15. Machines designed exclusively for cutting are classified in their own appropriate headings.

(B) Gas-operated surface tempering machines and appliances.

(I) GAS-OPERATED APPLIANCES FOR WORKING METAL, ETC.

The appliances of this group are operated by means of a very hot flame produced by the combustion of an inflammable gas in a jet of oxygen or air.

In general, these appliances can be used not only for the operations referred to in the heading, but also for other operations requiring a similar high temperature (e.g., preliminary heating for certain operations, or refilling worn parts or cavities with metal); in practice certain appliances are specialised for these other operations, but they remain in this heading provided they operate in the same manner and on the same principle as the other appliances of the heading.

All the appliances of this group have an arrangement for bringing two gases to the nozzle which has two outlets, either concentric or side by side; one of the gases is inflammable (acetylene, butane, propane, coal gas, hydrogen, etc.) and the other compressed air or oxygen.
The heading covers hand-operated appliances and also machines.

(A) HAND-OPERATED GAS WELDING, ETC.,
APPLIANCES (BLOWPIPES)

Blowpipes are said to be of high-pressure or low-pressure type depending on whether they are designed to be connected to a high or low-pressure source of inflammable gas. In the high-pressure type, the compression gives the gas the velocity required to produce the flame jet; with the low-pressure type a compressor is necessary.

Both types of blowpipes are otherwise of more or less similar construction. In design, they consist of a handle or body fitted with the supply pipes, at the exit of which (the nozzle) the gas is ignited; they generally also include regulating valves, etc. The apparatus is connected to an external gas supply by flexible tubing.

To enable the appliances to be adapted to the type of work concerned (e.g., to blast-furnace tapping, rivet removing, grooving or simple heating) the tubes and nozzles are usually interchangeable (variable aperture nozzles, multiple nozzle orifices, flame-separating nozzles, etc.). Some blowpipes are specially designed for particular operations, e.g., welding blowpipes equipped with a water-cooling system, for heavy work.

(B) MACHINES FOR WELDING, ETC.

These are based on the same principles as the hand-operated appliances in Part (A) above, and consist essentially of fixed or adjustable blowpipes. Other parts of the machine (e.g., feed-tables, jaws, slide-rests and jointed arms) either enable the part being worked to be fixed, guided or moved forward, or allow the nozzles to be moved or adjusted according to the progress of the work.

(C) SURFACE TEMPERING MACHINES

These consist of a number of nozzles arranged according to the shape of the object to be treated; the flames from these nozzles project on to the surface to be tempered a heat of such intensity that it is rapidly brought to the temperature required, but this heat does not penetrate far below the surface. Once the surface has been brought to the required tempering temperature, sprays of cooling liquid are directed on the article or it is immersed in a bath of the liquid.

(II) GAS-OPERATED APPLIANCES
FOR WELDING THERMOPLASTICS

This heading also includes certain appliances for welding or sealing thermoplastic materials or articles thereof. The appliances of this heading operate by means of a flame or a jet of hot air, nitrogen or inert gas from a welding torch. The air or other gases may be heated by passage through a gas-heated tube.


(III) MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR WELDING,
OTHER THAN GAS-OPERATED APPLIANCE
This group includes:

(1) Machinery and mechanical appliances for welding by means of grooved wheels or heated irons, other than hand soldering irons (heading 82.05) and other than electrical apparatus of heading 85.15.

(2) Friction welding machines.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machines and apparatus of this heading.

The heading also includes accessory attachments such as supports (ball, roller, etc.).
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Blow lamps and brazing lamps of heading 82.05.

(b) Machinery and apparatus for spraying molten metal (heading 84.24).

(c) Apparatus for cutting or piercing rock or concrete, using the high temperature produced by burning iron or steel in a jet of oxygen (heading 84.79).

(d) Welding, brazing or soldering machines and apparatus, using both gas and electricity (heading 85.15).


84.69 Typewriters other than printers of heading 84.43; word-processing machines.

Typewriters are, in general, characterised by a hand-operated keyboard, the keys of which when depressed cause the corresponding characters to be printed directly onto the paper. In some cases they operate by a series of levers and hammers, the character being engraved in relief on the faces of the hammers; in other cases the characters are carried on a ball, a cylinder, a daisy wheel or on cylindrical elements (shuttles) which present the required character to the paper on which it then prints. The text is produced letter by letter, though in exceptional cases combinations of letters (e.g., standards, words or abbreviations) may be used.

Typewriters are classified here whatever the characters used (e.g., normal letters and figures, stenotype symbols, music symbols or Braille characters). Machines for writing in code or for de-coding, operating in the same manner as normal typewriters, are also covered by the heading.

Electric typewriters, whether operated by electric motors, by electro-magnetic relays or, in the case of certain automatic typewriters, with electronic devices, are also classified in this heading.

The typewriters of this heading can also be used to cut waxed paper stencils for use in duplications, or to emboss sheets of plastics or thin metal foil for use in printing machines. On the other hand, it should be noted that the stencils used on addressing machines or for marking packing cases are cut on special machines quite distinct from typewriters; these latter machines fall in heading 84.72.

The heading also covers:

(1) Automatic typewriters. These include:
(2) Machines for typing identifying characters (and sometimes also branding with heated characters) on to insulated tubing for electrical wiring.

(3) Typewriters, not incorporating any calculating device but specially designed for accounting purposes (e.g., for typing on specially prepared forms such as invoices, loose leaf ledgers, day books or filing cards).

(4) Typewriters incorporating a device for transmitting the figures being typed to a separate calculating machine, or incorporating a counting device for use in speed tests.

(5) Word-processing machines. These comprise, in addition to a keyboard, one or more large-capacity memories (e.g., disc, minidisc or cassette), a visual display unit and a printer. The various components may be housed in a single unit or be in separate units connected by cables. Word-processing machines may be fitted with interfaces permitting, for example, relay to other word-processing machines, to phototype-setting equipment, to automatic data processing machines, or to telecommunications systems. Their ability to correct or compose texts is greater than that of automatic typewriters. Their ability to perform arithmetical operations does not compare with that of automatic data processing machines (as defined in Note 5 to this Chapter) and thus they do not lose the character of word-processing machines. They are different from automatic data processing machines of heading 84.71 in that, in particular, they cannot take the logical decision during processing to modify the execution of a program (see Note 5 to this Chapter).

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories for machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.73.

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The heading also excludes:

(a) Accounting machines (heading 84.70).

(b) Automatic data processing machines (heading 84.71).

(c) Machines for completing or signing cheques (heading 84.72).

(d) Teleprinters (heading 85.17)

(e) Toy typewriters (heading 95.03).

84.70 Calculating machines and pocket-size data recording, reproducing and displaying machines with calculating functions; accounting machines, postage-franking machi­nes, ticket-issuing machines and similar machines, incorpo­rating a calculating device; cash registers.

All machines of this heading, except for certain cash registers, have one common characteristic in that they include a calculating device enabling them to add together at least two figures each comprising several digits. It should be noted that devices which merely count or add one by one are not regarded as calculating devices (e.g., devices incorporated in certain stamp affixing machines, revolution counters, production counters). The machines of this heading may be manually or electrically operated. The calculation operations are performed mechanically or by electro-magnetic, electronic or fluidic devices.

(A) CALCULATING MACHINES AND POCKET-SIZE DATA
RECORDING, REPRODUCING AND DISPLAYING MACHINES
WITH CALCULATING FUNCTIONS

This group comprises a wide range of calculating machines varying from the simplest types which can only add and subtract to more complex machines which can perform the four arithmetic operations and several other types of calculations (e.g., extract square roots, raise a number to a given power and carry out trigonometric calculations). It includes, in particular, pocket electronic calculators and office electronic calculators, whether or not programmable. This group also includes pocket-size data recording, reproducing and displaying machines with calculating functions (see Note 8 to this Chapter).

Electronic programmable calculators differ from automatic data processing machines, in particular, by the fact that they cannot execute, without human intervention, a processing program which requires them to modify their execution, by logical decision during the processing run. These calculators incorporate a microprocessor designed to carry out complex mathematical operations.

Calculating machines comprise the following main parts:

(1) Manual arrangements for data input (stops or cursors, keyboard, etc.). However, they may have ancillary facilities for the automatic input of recurrent or preset data (readers for punched cards or tape, magnetic tape, etc.).

(2) A calculating device operated by a series of keys or by a program which may be fixed or may be modified by replacing the programming element or changing the program instructions.

(3) An output device presenting the results in the form of a visual display or a print-out. “Printer” machines incorporate a device for printing the result and sometimes also the preliminary data. However, calculating machines remain classified here whether or not comprising such a device.

Calculating machines with a printing facility use numbers and a limited range of symbols. However, they differ from accounting machines in that they print vertically only, on paper bands or rolls. Some have ancillary facilities for recording the results in code on data media.

Some of the components of these machines (calculating device, ancillary devices, etc.) may be built-in or be separate units connected by electric cable.

(B) ACCOUNTING MACHINES

These machines are designed to keep accounting books, accounting documents, etc. They combine the function of accounting (i.e., totalling a series of items) with that of printing letters or symbols in addition to figures in order to provide an adequate description of the accounting operation performed.

The structure of accounting machines is appreciably the same as that of calculating machines. In addition to manual input arrangements for variable data (e.g., debit-credit operations), like calculating machines they may be fitted with devices for reading punched cards or tape, magnetic tape or cards, etc., to introduce recurrent data (account No., customer’s name and address, etc.) or pre-set data (e.g., balance of account).

Accounting machines have numeric or alpha-numeric printing devices which can print both vertically and horizontally; this is one of the features which distinguishes them from calculating machines.

In most cases, these machines are designed to be used with specially printed forms such as pay slips, invoices, loose-leaf pages of day books, journals, ledgers, etc., or filing cards. Some of them can type simultaneously on two or more forms (e.g., on the invoices and corresponding day book and ledger entries).

They are often equipped with apparatus for transcribing data onto data media in coded form. Some print in clear on a card and simultaneously transcribe the results in code on a magnetic track on the side of the card. These results can then serve as basic data for further processing in the machine.

Like calculating machines, these machines may be in the form of a self-contained unit or consist of separate units to be electrically interconnected.

(C) CASH REGISTERS

This group comprises cash registers whether or not incorporating a calculating device.

These machines are used in shops, offices, etc., to provide a record of all transactions (sales, services rendered, etc.) as they occur, of the amounts involved, the total of the amounts recorded and, in some cases, the code number of the article sold, quantity sold, time of transaction, etc.

Data may be introduced either manually by means of a keyboard and a stop, lever or handle, or automatically, e.g., by means of a bar-code reader. Like calculating and accounting machines, some cash registers also have ancillary facilities for the automatic input of recurrent or pre-set data (e.g., card or tape readers).

Usually, the result is visually displayed and printed, at the same time, on a ticket for the customer and on a tallyroll which is periodically removed from the machine for checking purposes.

These machines are often combined with a till or drawer in which the cash is kept.

They may also incorporate or work in conjunction with devices such as multipliers for increasing their calculating capacity, calculators of change due, automatic change dispensers, trading stamp dispensers, credit card readers, check digit verifiers, or appliances for transcribing all or part of the data on transactions onto data media in coded form. If presented separately, these devices are classified in their respective headings.

This heading also covers cash registers working in conjunction, on-line or off-line, with an automatic data processing machine and cash registers which use, for example, the memory and microprocessor of another cash register (to which they are linked by cable) to perform the same functions.

This group also includes terminals for electronic payment by credit or debit card. These terminals use the telephone network to connect to the financial institution for authorisation and completion of the transaction, and to record and issue receipts indicating the amounts debited and credited.

(D) OTHER MACHINES INCORPORATING A CALCULATING DEVICE

These include:

(1) Postage-franking machines; these print on the envelope a design in place of the postage stamp. The machine has a non-reversible totalling device which adds up the total value of the postages printed. In addition the machine can often be used for other printing on the envelope (e.g., advertising slogans).

(2) Ticket-issuing machines used to issue tickets (e.g., cinema or railway tickets) at the same time recording and totalling the amounts involved; certain of these also print the ticket.

(3) Totalisator machines for racecourses. These issue the tickets, record and total the amounts staked, and in certain complex machines also calculate the odds.

Machines which only count the tickets, etc., issued, without totalising the amounts, are excluded (heading 84.72 or, if coin-operated, heading 84.76).
PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.73.

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The heading does not cover:

(a) Data processing machines of heading 84.71.

(b) Weighing machines which total the weights (heading 84.23 or 90.16).

(c) Slide rules, disc calculators, cylindrical calculators and other calculating instruments based on the slide rule or other mathematical calculating principle including, for instance, pocket-type adding and subtracting devices operated by the selection of numbers with a stylus according to a given procedure (heading 90.17).

(d) Instruments which count unit by unit, such as revolution counters, production counters, etc., of heading 90.29.


84.71 Automatic data processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines for processing such data, not elsewhere specified or included.

(I) AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING MACHINES
AND UNITS THEREOF

Data processing is the handling of information of all kinds, in pre-established logical sequences and for a specific purpose or purposes.

Automatic data processing machines are machines which, by logically interrelated operations performed in accordance with pre-established instructions (program), furnish data which can be used as such or, in some cases, serve in turn as data for other data processing operations.

This heading covers data processing machines in which the logical sequences of the operations can be changed from one job to another, and in which the operation can be automatic, that is to say with no manual intervention for the duration of the task. These machines mostly use electronic signals but may also use other technologies. They may be self-contained, all the elements required for data processing being combined in the same housing, or they may be in the form of systems consisting of a variable number of separate units.

This heading also covers separately presented constituent units of automatic data processing systems described above.

However, the heading excludes machines, instruments or apparatus incorporating or working in conjunction with an automatic data processing machine and performing a specific function. Such machines, instruments or apparatus are classified in the headings appropriate to their respective functions or, failing that, in residual headings (See Part (E) of the General Explanatory Note to this Chapter).

(A) AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING MACHINES

The automatic data processing machines of this heading must be capable of fulfilling simultaneously the conditions laid down in Note 5 (A) to this Chapter. That is to say, they must be capable of:

(1) Storing the processing program or programs and at least the data immediately necessary for the execution of the program;

(2) Being freely programmed in accordance with the requirements of the user;

(3) Performing arithmetical computations specified by the user; and

(4) Executing, without human intervention, a processing program which requires them to modify their execution, by logical decision during the processing run.

Thus, machines which operate only on fixed programs, i.e., programs which cannot be modified by the user, are excluded even though the user may be able to choose between a number of such fixed programs.

These machines have storage capability and also stored programs which can be changed from job to job.

Automatic data processing machines process data in coded form. A code consists of a finite set of characters (binary code, standard six bit ISO code, etc.).

The data input is usually automatic, by the use of data media such as magnetic tapes, or by direct reading of original documents, etc. There may also be arrangements for manual input by means of keyboards or the input may be furnished directly by certain instruments (e.g., measuring instruments).

The input data are converted by the input units into signals which can be used by the machine, and stored in the storage units.

Part of the data and program or programs may be temporarily stored in auxiliary storage units such as those using magnetic discs, magnetic tapes, etc. But these automatic data processing machines must have a main storage capability which is directly accessible for the execution of a particular program and which has a capacity at least sufficient to store those parts of the processing and translating programs and the data immediately necessary for the current processing run.

Automatic data processing machines may comprise in the same housing, the central processing unit, an input unit (e.g., a keyboard or a scanner) and an output unit (e.g., a visual display unit), or may consist of a number of interconnected separate units. In the latter case, the units form a “system” when it comprises at least the central processing unit, an input unit and an output unit (see Subheading Note 1 to this Chapter). The interconnections may be made by wired or wireless means.

A complete automatic data processing system must comprise, at least:

(1) A central processing unit which generally incorporates the main storage, the arithmetical and logical elements and the control elements; in some cases, however, these elements may be in the form of separate units.

(2) An input unit which receives input data and converts them into signals which can be processed by the machine.

(3) An output unit which converts the signals provided by the machine into an intelligible form (printed text, graphs, displays, etc.) or into coded data for further use (processing, control, etc.).

Two of these units (input and output units, for example) may be combined in one single unit.

A complete automatic data processing system is classified in this heading, even though one or more units may be classified elsewhere when presented separately (see part (B) Separately presented units, below).

These systems may include remote input or output units in the form of data terminals.

Such systems may also include units, apart from the input or output units, designed to increase the capacity of the system for instance, by expanding one or more of the functions of the central unit (see Part ( B) below). Such units are inserted between the input or output units (start and end of the system), although adapting and converting units (channel adaptors and signal converters) may occasionally be connected before the input unit or after the output unit.

Automatic data processing machines and systems are put to many uses, for example, in industry, in trade, in scientific research and in public or private administrations. (See Part (E) of the General Explanatory Note to Chapter 84 with respect to the classification of machines incorporating or working in conjunction with an automatic data processing machine and performing a specific function (Note 5 (E) to this Chapter)).

(B) SEPARATELY PRESENTED UNITS

Subject to the provisions of Notes 5 (D) and (E) to this Chapter, this heading also covers separately presented constituent units of automatic data processing systems. These may be in the form of units having a separate housing or in the form of units not having a separate housing and designed to be inserted into a machine (e.g., insertion onto the main board of a central processing unit). Constituent units are those defined in Part (A) above and in the following paragraphs, as being parts of a complete system.

An apparatus can only be classified in this heading as a unit of an automatic data processing system if it:

(a) Performs a data processing function;

(b) Meets the following criteria set out in Note 5 (C) to this Chapter :

(c) Is not excluded by the provisions of Notes 5 (D) and (E) to this Chapter.

In accordance with the last paragraph of Note 5 (C) to this Chapter, keyboards, X-Y co-ordinate input devices and disc storage units which satisfy the conditions of items (b) (ii) and (iii) above, are in all cases to be classified as constituent units of data processing systems.

If the unit performs a specific function other than data processing, it is to be classified in the heading appropriate to that function or, failing that, in a residual heading (see Note 5 (E) to this Chapter). If an apparatus does not meet the criteria set out in Note 5 (C) to this Chapter, or is not performing a data processing function, it is to be classified according to its characteristics by application of General Interpretative Rule 1, if necessary in combination with General Interpretative Rule 3 (a).

Separately presented appliances such as measuring or checking instruments adapted by the addition of devices (signal converters, for example), which enable them to be connected directly to a data processing machine, are, in particular, not to be regarded as units of an automatic data processing system. Such appliances fall to be classified in their own appropriate heading.

Apart from central processing units and input and output units, examples of other units include :

(1) Additional storage external to the central processing unit (magnetic card transports, magnetic or optical disc storages, tape autoloaders and libraries, optical disc drive libraries (sometimes referred to as “optical disc jukeboxes”), etc.). This group also includes additional data storage devices known as “proprietary storage formats”, whether for internal installation in an automatic data processing machine or for external use with such machines. The devices may be in the form of drives for discs or tapes.

(2) Additions which enhance the processing power of the central processing unit (e.g. floating point processing units).

(3) Control and adaptor units such as those to effect interconnection of the central processing unit to input or output units (e.g., USB hubs). However, control and adaptor units for communication in a wired or wireless network (such as a local or wide area network) are excluded (heading 85.17).

(4) Signal converting units. At input, these enable an external signal to be understood by the machine, while at output, they convert the output signals that result from the processing carried out by the machine into signals which can be used externally.

(5) X-Y co-ordinate input devices, which are units for inputting position data into automatic data processing machines. These devices include the mouse, the light pen, the joystick, the track ball and the touch-sensitive screen. Their common attribute is that their input consists of, or is interpreted as, data indicating position relative to some fixed point. Their common usage is to control the position of the cursor on the display unit, as a replacement for or a complement to the cursor keys on the keyboard.


(II) MAGNETIC OR OPTICAL READERS, MACHINES FOR
TRANSCRIBING DATA ONTO DATA MEDIA IN CODED FORM
AND MACHINES FOR PROCESSING SUCH DATA,
NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED

This group comprises a wide range of machines, many being electro-magnetic or electronic, which usually complement each other and are generally used in systems for compiling statistics or for accounting or other operations. The group includes magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines which process data and which decode the result.

The group includes machines only if they are not elsewhere specified or included. It thus excludes, for example:

(a) The automatic data processing machines and units thereof described in Part (I) above, other than bar code readers.

(b) Automatic typewriters and word-processing machines (heading 84.69).

(c) Calculating machines, accounting machines and cash registers of heading 84.70, from which they differ in that they have no manual input arrangements but receive data solely in coded form (magnetic tape, discs, CD-ROMs, etc.).

(A) MAGNETIC OR OPTICAL READERS

Magnetic or optical readers read characters, generally in a special form, and convert them into electric signals (impulses) which can be directly used by machines for transcribing or processing coded information.

(1) Magnetic readers. In this type of appliance, the characters, printed with a special magnetic ink, are magnetised and then converted into electric impulses by a magnetic reader head. They are subsequently identified either by comparison with data registered in the storage units of the machine or by means of a numeric code, usually binary.

(2) Optical readers. These do not require the use of special ink. The characters are read directly by a series of photoelectric cells and translated on the binary code principle. This group also includes bar code readers. These machines generally use photosensitive semiconductor devices, e.g., laser diodes, and are used as input units in conjunction with an automatic data processing machine, or with other machines, e.g., cash registers. They are designed for working in the hand, for placing on a table or for fixing to a machine. The readers described above are classified in this heading only if presented separately. When combined with other machines (e.g., machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines for processing such data in coded form) they are classified with those machines provided they are presented with them.

(B) MACHINES FOR TRANSCRIBING DATA ONTO DATA MEDIA
IN CODED FORM

This group includes:

(1) Machines for transferring coded information from one medium to another. These machines can be used either to transfer coded information from one type of data medium to a different type or to transfer it to another medium of the same type. The latter category includes reproducing machines which are used to reproduce all or part of the data on a master tape, magnetic or optical discs (e.g., DVD, CD-ROM) by making a new tape or disc.

(2) Machines for introducing fixed programs into integrated circuits (programmers).

Some programmers have an additional feature (emulator) which allows the user to picture or emulate the result of the programming before actually committing the program to the integrated circuit.
PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.73.

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This heading also excludes:

(a) Power supply units (heading 85.04).

(b) Modulator-demodulator apparatus (modems), which modulate, in transmittable form over a telephone network, information obtained from an automatic data processing machine, and reconvert it into digital form (heading 85.17).

(c) Electronic integrated circuits (heading 85.42).

(d) Flight simulators (e.g., heading 88.05).
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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 8471.30

This subheading covers portable automatic data processing machines weighing not more than 10 kg. These machines, which are equipped with a flat screen, may be capable of operating without an external source of electric power and often have a modem or other means for establishing a link with a network.

Subheading 8471.90

This subheading covers, inter alia, optical disc filing systems which usually include keyboards, displays, optical disc drive units, scanners and printers. These systems may include an automatic data processing machine as the controller or they may be configured such that they are accessible or controllable by an automatic data processing machine. These systems generally perform the following functions:

- recording the image by electronic scanning

- filing

- retrieval

- display

- printing on ordinary paper.

84.72 Other office machines (for example, hectograph or stencil duplicating machines, addressing machines, automatic banknote dispensers, coin-sorting machines, coin-counting or wrapping machines, pencil-sharpening machines, perforating or stapling machines). This heading covers all office machines not covered by the preceding three headings or more specifically by any other heading of the Nomenclature.

The term “office machines” is to be taken in a wide general sense to include all machines used in offices, shops, factories, workshops, schools, railway stations, hotels, etc., for doing “office work” (i.e., work concerning the writing, recording, sorting, filing, etc., of correspondence, documents, forms, records, accounts, etc.).

Office machines are classified here only if they have a base for fixing or for placing on a table, desk, etc. The heading does not cover the hand tools, not having such a base, of Chapter 82.

The machines of this heading may be hand-operated, mechanically operated or electrically operated (including electro-magnetic relay or electronic operated machines).

The heading includes, inter alia:

(1) Duplicating machines of the hectograph type (e.g., gelatin or spirit duplicators), and stencil duplicating machines which operate with waxed paper stencils previously cut by a stylus or on a typewriter. The heading includes small presses designed for use with hectographic apparatus.
(2) Addressing machines. These rapidly print addresses on invoices, letters, envelopes, etc.; they usually operate by means of a series of small card or metal stencils or embossed metal plates. The heading also covers special machines used for cutting the stencils or embossing the metal plates, and machines for selecting certain out of a number of address plates or stencils.

(3) Ticket-issuing machines (other than those incorporating a calculating device (heading 84.70) and coin-operated machines (heading 84.76)). This heading includes small portable machines for punched tickets, or which issue and print the ticket from a roll of paper (e.g., as used by bus or tram conductors); it also covers machines for date stamping tickets.

(4) Coin-sorting or coin-counting machines (including banknote counting and paying-out machines). This heading covers such machines whether or not they are fitted with a device for wrapping the coins or banknotes, or in some cases for printing the amount on the wrapping. (5) Automatic banknote dispensers, operating in conjunction with an automatic data processing machine, whether on-line or off-line.

(6) Automatic teller machines, with which customers deposit, draw and transfer money and see the balances of their accounts without direct contact with bank personnel.

(7) Pencil-sharpening machines including hand-operated machines.
(8) Punching machines used for punching holes in paper cards or documents (e.g., for loose leaf filing purposes or for simple indexing or sorting).
(9) Machines for perforating paper bands so that they can be used in automatic typewriting machines.

(10) Perforated band operated machines which do not themselves contain any typewriting mechanism, but constitute separate units used in conjunction with ordinary typewriters for automatic typing. Certain of these machines can select parts from the perforated band as required for a particular letter or document.

(11) Stapling machines (used to fix documents together with a staple) and de-stapling machines.

(12) Letter folding machines, sometimes combined with a device for inserting the letter in an envelope or wrapping it with a paper band.

(13) Letter opening machines and letter closing or sealing machines.

(14) Stamp cancelling machines.

(15) Letter sorting machines used in post offices, including those consisting essentially of groups of coding desks, pre-sorting channel systems, intermediate sorters and final sorters, the whole being controlled by an automatic data processing machine and constituting a functional unit within the meaning of Note 4 to Section XVI (see also the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI).

(16) Machines for delivering wrapping paper or gummed paper.

(17) Machines for moistening gummed paper or stamps (including the simple roller type).

(18) Paper shredders of a kind used in offices for destroying confidential documents.

(19) Cheque-writing machines; these are usually small machines specially designed for the purpose. In addition to typing letter by letter, they can often type a whole word or group of words simultaneously (e.g., when inserting, in words, a sum of money). They usually employ special indelible and penetrating inks, and sometimes also perforations or embossing.

(20) Cheque-signing machines; these automatically write in the signature on cheques in an indelible fashion, and usually also reproduce an elaborate background difficult to copy.

(21) Automatic change dispensers used in conjunction with cash registers for automatic dispensing of change to the customer.

(22) Stand-alone machines of a kind used in offices for sorting and collating documents and printed matter.

The machines referred to in Items (19) and (20) above can be also used for filling in and signing other documents.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts and accessories of the machines of this heading are classified in heading 84.73.

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This heading also excludes:

(a) Sorters which are parts or accessories of the machines of heading 84.43.

(b) Dictating machines and other sound recording or sound reproducing apparatus (heading 85.19).
(c) X-ray apparatus for the examination of banknotes or other documents (heading 90.22).

(d) Time recorders (heading 91.06).

(e) Hand-operated date, sealing or similar stamps (heading 96.11).

84.73 Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like) suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of headings 84.69 to 84.72.


Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), this heading covers parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of headings 84.69 to 84.72.

The accessories covered by this heading are interchangeable parts or devices designed to adapt a machine for a particular operation, or to perform a particular service relative to the main function of the machine, or to increase its range of operations.

The heading includes:

(1) Form feed devices for the continuous feeding of stationery into typewriters, accounting machines, etc.

(2) Automatic spacing devices for typewriters, accounting machines, etc.

(3) Listing devices for attachment to addressing machines.

(4) Auxiliary printing devices for tabulating machines.

(5) Copy holders for attachment to typewriters.

(6) Metal address plates, whether or not cut or embossed, identifiable as for use in addressing machines.

(7) Calculating devices for incorporation in typewriters, accounting machines, calculating machines, etc.

(8) Diskettes for cleaning disk drives in ADP machines, etc.

(9) Electronic memory modules (e.g., SIMMs (Single In-line Memory Modules) and DIMMs (Dual In-line Memory Modules)) suitable for use solely or principally with automatic data processing machines, not consisting of discrete components as required by Note 8 (b) (ii) to Chapter 85, and not having an individual function.

But the heading excludes covers, carrying cases and felt pads; these are classified in their appropriate headings. It also excludes articles of furniture (e.g., cupboards and tables) whether or not specially designed for office use (heading 94.03). However, stands for machines of headings 84.69 to 84.72 not normally usable except with the machines in question, remain in this heading.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Spools or similar supports, suitable for use with machines of a kind falling in heading 84.69, 84.70, 84.71 or 84.72 (classified according to their constituent material, for example, in heading 39.23 or Section XV).

(b) Duplicator stencils of paper (heading 48.16) or of other materials (classified according to constituent material).

(c) Printed statistical cards (heading 48.23).

(d) Magnetic disc packs and other media prepared for magnetic recording (heading 85.23).

(e) Electronic integrated circuits (heading 85.42).

(f) Revolution counters (e.g., for attachment to typewriters to check speed) (heading 90.29).

(g) Typewriter or similar ribbons, whether or not on spools or in cartridges (classified according to their constituent material, or in heading 96.12 if inked or otherwise prepared for giving impressions).

84.74 Machinery for sorting, screening, separating, washing, crushing, grinding, mixing or kneading earth, stone, ores or other mineral substances, in solid (including powder or paste) form; machinery for agglomerating, shaping or moulding solid mineral fuels, ceramic paste, unhardened cements, plastering materials or other mineral products in powder or paste form; machines for forming foundry moulds of sand.

This heading covers:

(I) Machinery of a kind used, mainly in the extractive industries, for the treatment (sorting, screening, separating, washing, crushing, grinding, mixing or kneading) of solid mineral products (in general the products of Section V of the Nomenclature) such as earth (including earth colours), clay, stone, ores, mineral fuels, mineral fertilisers, slag cement or concrete.

(II) Machinery for agglomerating, shaping or moulding solid mineral products in powder or paste form (e.g., agglomerating solid mineral fuels; moulding to shape ceramic pastes, unhardened cements, plastering materials, etc., whether or not with an added binder or filler).

(III) Machines for forming foundry moulds of sand.

Many machines of this heading combine two or more of the functions in question (e.g., hydraulic sorting and washing, grinding and sorting, grinding and mixing, mixing and moulding machines).

Certain machines of the kind normally used for the treatment of mineral products can, as a secondary use, also treat non-mineral products (e.g., wood or bone); such machines remain in this heading. However, the heading does not extend to machinery specially designed for carrying out similar operations on non-mineral materials (e.g., for sorting or screening wood chips; for grinding wood flour; for grinding or mixing chemicals or organic colouring materials; for grinding bone, ivory, etc.; for agglomerating or moulding cork powder).


(I) MACHINES REFERRED TO IN CATEGORY (I) ABOVE
(MACHINES MAINLY FOR THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES)

This group includes:

(A) Sorting, screening, separating or washing machines for separating the materials, usually according to the size or weight of the lumps or particles, or for washing the materials free of impurities. These machines include: The heading also covers sorting or separating machines incorporating magnetic or electrical devices (e.g., electrostatic separating machines), and machines using electronic or photoelectric detecting devices, for example, sorting equipment for uranium or thorium ore, operating by radioactivity measurement. The heading does not cover centrifugal sorting machines, i.e., machines in which separation depends entirely on the centrifugal principle that particles of differing specific gravities can be collected at differing distances from the quickly rotating centre (heading 84.21). However, machines in which centrifugal force is used to throw the material against a wire screen remain in this heading.

Conveyor bands used in conjunction with sorting or screening apparatus remain in their own appropriate headings unless forming an integral part of a sorting or screening machine, or unless the conveyor band itself acts as a screening or sorting device (e.g., has perforations for sorting or screening).


(B) Crushing or grinding machines. These include:
(C) Mixing or kneading machines. These consist essentially of a container, equipped with paddles or other stirring devices, in which two or more materials are mixed or kneaded by stirring or agitation. They include:
(II) AGGLOMERATING, MOULDING OR SHAPING MACHINERY

In general these machines are of one of the three following types:
(iii) Extrudingmachines.

This group includes:

(A) Machines for agglomerating solid mineral fuel (coal dust, peat fibres, etc.) into brick, ball, egg, etc., shapes.

(B) Machines for agglomerating or shaping ceramic pastes. These include:
(C) Machinery for agglomerating abrasives, in the manufacture of grinding wheels.

(D) Machinery for making various prefabricated concrete articles (e.g., paving stones, posts, balustrades, pylons), including centrifugal moulding machines for tubes.

(E) Machinery for moulding various plaster, staff, stucco, etc., articles (e.g., toys, statuettes and ceiling decorations).

(F) Machinery for moulding articles of asbestos-cement (e.g., vats, drinking troughs, chimneys), and machines for making tubes or pipes of asbestos-cement by rolling on a mandrel.

(G) Machinery for moulding graphite electrodes.

(H) Machinery for extruding graphite pencil leads.

(IJ) Machinery for moulding blackboard chalks.

(III) MACHINES FOR FORMING FOUNDRY MOULDS OF SAND
These machines, which may be of various types, are designed to press previously prepared foundry sand either into a mould to form a foundry core, or round a pattern in a moulding box to form a mould. They often incorporate a jolting mechanism to settle the sand firmly in the mould.

This heading covers the many types in which compressed air acts either on a piston or directly on to the surface of the sand; but machines in which sand is sprayed in a jet of compressed air are excluded (heading 84.24). Core or mould drying stoves are also excluded (heading 84.19).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are also classified here. However, balls for ball mills are classified according to their constituent material.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Pulverised fuel burners; mechanical stokers, incorporating pulverising or grinding equipment (heading 84.16).

(b) Calendering or rolling machines (heading 84.20).

(c) Filter presses (heading 84.21).

(d) Machine-tools for working stone or other mineral materials, or for cold working glass (heading 84.64).

(e) Concrete vibrators (headings 84.67 or 84.79, as the case may be).

(f) Machinery for moulding or pressing glass (heading 84.75).

(g) Machinery for moulding plastics (heading 84.77).

(h) General purpose presses (heading 84.79).

(ij) Concrete spreaders (heading 84.79 or Chapter 87).

(k) Moulding boxes for metal foundry; moulds for use in the machines of this heading (heading 84.80).

84.75 Machines for assembling electric or electronic lamps, tubes or valves or flash-bulbs, in glass envelopes; machines for manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware.


The heading covers machines for assembling electric or electronic lamps, tubes or valves or flash-bulbs, in glass envelopes. It also includes machines for manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware (other than furnaces of heading 84.17 or 85.14).

(I) MACHINES FOR ASSEMBLING ELECTRIC OR
ELECTRONIC LAMPS, TUBES OR VALVES OR
FLASH-BULBS, IN GLASS ENVELOPES

This group includes:

(A) Machines for the vacuum-sealing of lamp bulbs.

(B) Rotary machines for the automatic assembly of incandescent lamps or wireless valves.

These machines usually include equipment for the heat-treatment of glass (e.g., blowpipes or pressing and closing devices for closing the glass envelope), but remain here even if not including such glass-working devices.

The heading also includes machinery for assembling electric filament lamps of which the component parts are interconnected by conveyors, and which include equipment for the heat-treatment of glass, pumps and lamp-testing units (see Note 4 to Section XVI).

The heading does not, however, include machines used solely for making metal parts of components of lamps or valves (e.g., machines for cutting out or deep drawing screens, anodes or supports (heading 84.62), machines for spiralling fine metal wire in the manufacture of electric lamp filaments (heading 84.63), and machines for welding screens or electrodes (heading 84.68 or 85.15)).

(II) MACHINES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR HOT WORKING
OF GLASS OR GLASSWARE

The glass-working machines of this heading are those which work glass (including fused quartz and other fused silica) which has been heated until it becomes soft or liquid. These machines operate mainly by casting, drawing, rolling, spinning, blowing, modelling, moulding, etc. Machines for working glass in the hard state (even if slightly heated to facilitate the operation) are excluded (heading 84.64).

(A) MACHINES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FLAT GLASS SHEETS

This group includes:

(1) Machines for making sheet glass by drawing out flat strips. A roughly formed sheet of glass is picked up by a special device; it is then gripped by rollers and drawn out vertically or horizontally as it passes through an annealing oven. The continuous band thus obtained is cut into sheets (mechanically or by an electrically heated wire).

(2) Machines for the manufacture of floatglass. In the float process, the glass is floating horizontally on a molten media, to manufacture an endless glass ribbon, which later in the process is cut into pieces.

(B) OTHER MACHINES FOR HOT WORKING GLASS
This group includes:

(1) Bottle-making machines, etc. These range from simple mechanical appliances for gathering and blowing (operated by suction or compressed air and using separate moulds), to automatic continuous feeder machines (with two revolving plates, one with rough-casting moulds, the other with finishing moulds).

(2) Special machines and presses for moulding various glass articles (e.g., paving blocks, tiles, insulators, optical glass blanks and hollow glassware), but excluding presses of general use (heading 84.79).

(3) Machines for drawing, shaping or blowing glass pipes or tubes, and special machinery for drawing fused silica tubes.

(4) Machines for making glass beads, in particular, machines in which cut pieces of tubing are rounded by being rolled in rotating heated drums.

(5) Machines for making glass fibre or filaments. These fall into three main categories :
(6) Machines for bulb-blowing or for making other glass parts of electric light bulbs or tubes, or of electronic valves or tubes, etc. (e.g., base blocks, filament supports, stems).

(7) Machines for making optical fibres and preforms thereof.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machines of this heading are classified here.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Hand type glass blowers (heading 82.05).

(b) Certain machines for the manufacture of toughened glass, in which ordinary glass sheets are placed between heated plates and then suddenly cooled (heading 84.19).

(c) Moulds for manual or mechanical glass-making (heading 84.80).


84.76 Automatic goods-vending machines (for example, postage stamp, cigarette, food or beverage machines), including money-changing machines.

This heading covers the various kinds of machines which supply some kind of merchandise when one or more coins, tokens or a magnetic card are put in a slot (other than those machines covered more specifically by other headings of the Nomenclature or excluded from the Chapter by a Chapter or Section Note). The term “vending” in the context of this heading refers to a “monetary” exchange between the purchaser and the machine in order to acquire a product. This heading does not cover machines which dispense a product but do not have a device to accept payment.

Automatic hot or cold beverage-dispensing machines without a device to accept payment are excluded (heading 84.19).

The heading covers not only machines in which the distribution is automatic, but also those consisting of a number of compartments from which the merchandise can be withdrawn after the coin has been inserted, the machine incorporating a device for releasing the lock of the appropriate compartment (e.g., by pressing on a corresponding button).

Simple cupboards or containers with a coin-operated lock, such as are used in stations for the deposit of baggage or in theatres for supplying opera glasses are excluded from this heading, but fall, for example, in Section XV or Chapter 94.

The heading includes machines equipped with heating or refrigerating devices, or with devices for preparing the product sold (e.g., fruit juice pressers, coffee and milk mixers, ice cream mixers), provided the principal function and purposes of the machines is the automatic sale of the product.

The heading includes coin-operated machines for selling postage stamps, railway tickets, chocolate, sweets, ice cream, cigarettes, cigars, beverages (such as beer, wine, liqueurs, coffee or fruit juices), toilet products (including scent spraying machines), stockings, photographic films, newspapers, etc.; also machines on which name plates can be stamped out on a strip of metal.

The heading also covers money-changing machines.

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers automatic vending mechanisms of the kind to be built into shop fronts, and parts of the machines of this heading.
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The following coin-operated machines or appliances are not covered by the heading:

(a) Coin-operated locks (e.g., for cupboards or public lavatories) (heading 83.01).

(b) Pumps for dispensing fuel or lubricants, of the type used in filling-stations or in garages (heading 84.13).

(c) Weighing machines (heading 84.23).

(d) Typewriters (heading 84.69).

(e) Coin-operated shoe brushing machines (heading 84.79).

(f) Electric shavers (heading 85.10).

(g) Telephone apparatus (heading 85.17).

(h) Television receivers (heading 85.28).

(ij) Telescopes, cameras, cinematograph projectors (Chapter 90).

(k) Gas or electricity supply meters (heading 90.28).

(l) Games of skill or chance (heading 95.04) and other machines of Chapter 95.
°
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Subheading Explanatory Note.

Subheadings 8476.21 and 8476.29

The expression “automatic beverage-vending machines” refers to all automatic machines for selling beverages (coffee, tea, fruit juices, alcoholic drinks, etc.) dispensed either ready for use in a cup or in any other container (e.g., tin, bottle or carton), or by dispensing separately both instant-mix powders and hot or cold water.

84.77 Machinery for working rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of products from these materials, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.

The heading covers machinery for working rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of products from these materials, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.
This heading includes:

(1) Moulding machines for tyres or other articles of rubber or plastics excluding moulds as such (headings 68.15, 69.03 and 84.80 in particular).

(2) Inner-tube valve-hole cutting machines.

(3) Special rubber-thread cutting machines and appliances.

(4) Forming presses for rubber or plastics.

(5) Special presses for moulding thermoplastic powders.

(6) Presses for making gramophone records.

(7) Machinery for the manufacture of vulcanised fibre.

(8) Extruders.


PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machinery of this heading.
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However, the heading does not cover machinery for encapsulation in the assembly of semiconductors (heading 84.86).

84.78 Machinery for preparing or making up tobacco, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.


This heading covers machinery, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter, for preparing or making up tobacco.

Stripping is carried out in threshing separators. A current of air passes through a system of rotating beating hammers and metallic grills (baskets) of various sizes thus fragmenting the tobacco leaves, the lighter leaf parts being separated from the heavier veins and ribs.

The heading includes:

(1) Tobacco leaf stripping or cutting machines.

(2) Cigar or cigarette-making machines, whether or not equipped with an auxiliary packaging device.


PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machinery of this heading.


84.79 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.
This heading is restricted to machinery having individual functions, which:

(a) Is not excluded from this Chapter by the operation of any Section or Chapter Note.

and (b) Is not covered more specifically by a heading in any other Chapter of the
Nomenclature.

and (c) Cannot be classified in any other particular heading of this Chapter since:

The machinery of this heading is distinguished from the parts of machinery, etc., that fall to be classified in accordance with the general provisions concerning parts, by the fact that it has individual functions.

For this purpose the following are to be regarded as having “individual functions” :

(A) Mechanical devices, with or without motors or other driving force, whose function can be performed distinctly from and independently of any other machine or appliance.

Example: Air humidification and dehumidification are individual functions because they can be performed by appliances operating independently of any other machine or appliance.

A separately presented air dehumidifier, even if designed to be mounted on an ozone generator falls, therefore, to be classified in this heading as having an individual function.

(B) Mechanical devices which cannot perform their function unless they are mounted on another machine or appliance, or are incorporated in a more complex entity, provided that this function:

Example: A chain cutter is a device which is mounted on an industrial sewing machine and which automatically cuts the thread so that the machine can run without interruption. This device performs an individual function because it plays no part in the “sewing” function of the machine; as there is no other more specific heading, the chain cutter falls to be classified here.
The many and varied machines covered by this heading include inter alia:


(I) MACHINERY OF GENERAL USE

This group includes, for example:

(1) Vats or other receptacles (e.g., vats or tanks for electrolysis), fitted with mechanical devices (agitators, etc.), and which are not identifiable as being for any particular industry and are not heating, cooking, etc., apparatus of heading 84.19. Vats or other receptacles simply fitted with taps, level or pressure gauges or the like are classified according to their constituent material.

(2) Presses, crushers, grinders, mixers, etc., not designed for particular goods or industries.

(3) Volumetric distributing apparatus (e.g., mechanical hopper feeds) and mechanical distributors for continuous presentation of work pieces in the same alignment ready for the working operation, not specialised for any particular industry.

(4) Eyeletting or tubular riveting machines equally suitable for applying the eyelets or rivets to any material such as textiles, paperboard, plastics or leather; and machines equally suitable for joining by stapling the ends of machinery belting of textiles, rubber or other materials.

(5) Vibrator motor consisting of an electric motor with eccentric discs fitted to the protruding ends of the shaft, generating radial vibrations which are transmitted to the apparatus or appliance (chutes, bins, hoppers, conveyors, compacting appliance, etc.) to which the vibrator motor is fixed.

(6) Electro-magnetic vibrator, for attachment to conveying, screening, compacting, etc., appliances, consisting of a base plate carrying an electro-magnet and two metal rods supporting a mass held in position by two sets of springs at a suitable distance from the electro-magnet; the mass is alternatively attracted by the magnet and pulled back by the springs.

(7) Industrial robots for multiple uses. Industrial robots are automatic machines which can be programmed to carry out repeatedly a cycle of movements. By the use of sensors, industrial robots are able to acquire information about the field in which they operate and to analyse the information thus obtained to be able to adapt their pattern of activity to variations in their field of operation.

Industrial robots may consist of an articulated structure comparable to that of the human arm, mounted on a base in a horizontal or vertical position, and having at its extremity a mobile holder for the toolholder (so-called vertical robots). They may also consist of a rectilinear structure often moving on a vertical axis of which the holder forms the terminal part of the operating mechanism often moving on a horizontal axis (horizontal robots).

The different parts of the structure are activated by electric motors or by means of a hydraulic or pneumatic system.

Industrial robots have many uses; welding, painting, handling, loading and unloading, cutting, assembling, metal trimming, etc. They are replacing humans in tasks performed in a hostile environment (with toxic products, dust, etc.) or with laborious tasks (moving of heavy loads, repetitive tasks of a boring nature). For these varied applications, robots are equipped with a tool holder and tools specifically designed for the accomplishment of the task (pincers, grippers, welding heads, for example).

The heading covers only industrial robots capable of performing a variety of functions simply by using different tools. However, the heading excludes those industrial robots specifically designed to perform a specific function; these industrial robots are classified in the heading covering their function (e.g., heading 84.24, 84.28, 84.86 or 85.15).
(II) MACHINERY FOR CERTAIN INDUSTRIES

This group includes:

(A) Machinery for public works, building or the like, e.g. :

However this heading does not include levellers of heading 84.29.

Heating apparatus for bitumen, etc., are excluded (heading 84.19).

(B) Machinery for the oil, soap or edible fat industries, e.g.:

(C) Machinery for treating wood or similar materials, e.g.:

(D) Rope or cable-making machines (stranding, twisting or cabling, etc., machines) working with either textile yarn or metal wire or both, including machinery for twisting flexible electrical conductors, other than twisting-frames of a type used in spinning textiles (heading 84.45).

The heading does not cover:
(E) Machinery for treating metals, including electric wire coil-winders, e.g.:

(F) Basket-making, wickerwork-making and other machinery for plaiting or interlacing osier, canes, rattans, straw, wood strips, plastics, etc. e.g.:

The heading does not include machines for splitting wood, peeling osier, rounding rattans, etc. (heading 84.65).

(G) Machinery for making paint brushes or other brushes, e.g.:

The heading does not cover:


(III) MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY

This group includes:

(1) Air humidifiers or dehumidifiers, other than the appliances of heading 84.15, 84.24 or 85.09.

(2) Engine starters (mechanical, hydraulic, compressed air, etc.) but not electrical equipment of heading 85.11.

(3) Hydraulic accumulators, for keeping in reserve an amount of liquid under pressure in order to give an even rate of flow or feed pressure to hydraulic machinery. Normally, these accumulators consist of a vertical pump-fed cylinder enclosing a weighted piston which is adjusted to a certain pressure.

(4) Pump-type automatic machine greasers.

(5) Match-dipping machines.

(6) Machinery for cask tarring or coating other than spraying appliances of heading 84.24.

(7) Machines for coating welding electrodes.

(8) Machines for cleaning off or re-covering gelatin inking rollers.

(9) Machines for coating photosensitive emulsions on to a backing other than those machines of heading 84.86.

(10) Machines for frosting glass by the acid process.

(11) Bolting or unbolting machines and metal core extractors, other than hand tools of Chapter 82 and small tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor (heading 84.67).

(12) Machines for the maintenance of pipelines or other non-flexible pipes (e.g., small self-propelled machines used on oil pipelines to clean the pipe, coat it with asphalt or other protective covering; machines, carried through the pipes by the flow of the fluid itself, used for cleaning the inside of pipelines).

(13) Machines for mounting card clothing on carding cylinders.

(14) Machines for making rope soles for footwear.

(15) Machines for washing, scouring or removing dust from bed feathers.

(16) Machines for filling eiderdowns or stuffing mattresses.

(17) Machines for applying abrasives to any backing (fabrics, paper, etc.).

(18) Coiling machines for flexible cables or tubes (e.g., for textile or metal cables or ropes, electric cables, lead pipes).

(19) Mechanical appliances for cutting water-weeds. These consist of a horizontal scythe, below water-level, rotating on a vertical axis which is supported by a frame for fitting to a boat. They may be hand or power-driven.

(20) Diving bells or metal diving suits, etc., mechanically equipped.

(21) Gyroscopic stabilisers for ships or for similar uses; but excluding the gyroscopic devices for instruments of Chapter 90 (gyro-compasses, etc.) and torpedoes (heading 93.06).

(22) Steering and rudder equipment for ships, other than the rudders themselves (usually heading 73.25 or 73.26), and automatic pilots (Gyro pilots) of heading 90.14.

(23) Electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc., windscreen wiping mechanisms for aircraft, ships and all vehicles except those for cycles or motor vehicles (heading 85.12). The heading also includes wiper-blade mountings and mounted wiper-blades, provided they are identifiable as for the wiping mechanisms described above; those for use with motor vehicle windscreen wiping mechanisms are excluded (heading 85.12).

(24) Ultrasonic apparatus for cleaning metal parts and miscellaneous other articles; consisting when complete (whether mounted in a common housing or as separate units) of a high frequency generator, one or several transducers and a tank for the articles to be cleaned, presented either complete or without the tank. The heading also covers ultrasonic transducers for such apparatus. Ultrasonic apparatus and transducers of a kind used solely or principally for cleaning semiconductor wafers or flat panel displays are excluded (heading 84.86).

(25) Underwater blowpipes, usually fitted with a special ignition device, and with provision for bringing an additional supply of compressed air or oxygen through a ring-shaped outlet round the nozzle, in order to create a cavity in the water so that the flame can burn.

(26) Apparatus for cutting or piercing rock or concrete, using the high temperature produced by burning iron or steel in a jet of oxygen. The apparatus used is usually quite simple, consisting of a heat-resisting handle or grip which incorporates a valve and has provision for connecting both to a source of oxygen and to a length of iron or steel tubing. In operation, the oxygen passes through the iron or steel tubing, the end of which, previously brought to red heat, is thus burned away producing a very high temperature sufficient to melt the rock or concrete.

(27) Automatic shoe brushing machines.


(28) Machines for waxing paper cups and containers, etc., by immersion.

(29) Industrial floor polishers.

(30) Evaporative air coolers.

(31) Passenger boarding bridges. These bridges permit passengers and personnel to walk between a terminal building and a parked aircraft, a cruise ship or ferry-boat, without having to go outside. The bridges generally consist of a rotunda assembly, two or more rectangular telescopic tunnels, vertical lift columns with wheel bogies, and a cabin located in the front part of the bridges. They include electromechanical or hydraulic devices that are designed for moving the bridges horizontally, vertically and radially (i.e., their telescopic sections, cabin, vertical lift columns, etc.), in order to adjust the bridges to the appropriate position to the particular aircraft’s door, or to the port (entrance) of the cruise ship or ferry-boat. The passenger boarding bridges of the type used at seaports can be, furthermore, equipped with a transitional device installed on their foreside which can be extended into the port (entrance) of the cruise ship or ferry-boat. These bridges themselves do not lift, handle, load or unload anything.

Appliances for cleaning carpets in situ by injecting a liquid cleaning solution into the carpet, the solution then being extracted by suction, and designed for use in establishments (other than domestic premises) such as hotels, motels, hospitals, offices, restaurants and schools are classified in heading 84.51.

The heading also excludes machinery for encapsulation in the assembly of semiconductors (heading 84.86).

PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the machinery of this heading, including moulds other than those covered elsewhere (in particular, heading 84.80).


84.80 Moulding boxes for metal foundry; mould bases; moulding patterns; moulds for metal (other than ingot moulds), metal carbides, glass, mineral materials, rubber or plastics.
This heading covers the moulding boxes used in metal foundry, mould bases and moulding patterns, with certain exceptions referred to later, it also covers all moulds (whether or not hinged, and whether used by hand or in presses or moulding machines) which are of a kind used for moulding the following materials into blanks or finished articles :

(I) Metals and metal carbides.

(II) Glass (including fused quartz or other fused silica) or mineral materials such as ceramic pastes, cement, plaster or concrete.

(III) Rubber or plastics.

In general, the essential function of a mould is to retain the material in a predetermined shape while it sets; some moulds also exert a certain pressure on the material. But the heading excludes stamping dies of heading 82.07 since these shape the material solely by means of a powerful blow or compression (e.g., dies for stamping out sheet-metal goods).


(A) MOULDING BOXES FOR METAL FOUNDRY

These are frames usually of cast iron or steel and usually rectangular or round. They hold the sand mould formed by pressing the sand around a pattern.


(B) MOULD BASES

These are plates placed on the bottom of the moulds.

(C) MOULDING PATTERNS

These include foundry patterns, foundry cores, core boxes, moulding boards, pattern plates etc., used in the preparation of sand moulds (generally of wood).


(D) MOULDS FOR METAL (OTHER THAN INGOT MOULDS)
OR FOR METAL CARBIDES

This group includes:

(1) Chill-moulds (die-casts). These take the form of a metallic casing consisting of two or more adjustable parts which reproduce, in hollow form, the shape of the required articles.

(2) Pressure-casting moulds, into which the molten metal is forced under pressure. They normally consist of two complementary metallic chill-moulds, with hollows corresponding to the shape of the required articles in their opposing faces; in some cases the halves of the mould compress the molten metal to a certain degree.

(3) Moulds for sintering metal powders. These moulds are heated. They are sometimes also used for sintering metal carbides or ceramic powders.

(4) Cylindrical moulds for centrifugal moulding machines (e.g., for casting iron pipes, gun barrels).


(E) MOULDS FOR GLASS

This group includes:

(1) Moulds for glass paving stones, bricks or flags, and compression moulds for glass tiles.

(2) Bottle moulds for hand or machine working, including pedal operated moulds (e.g., blank or finishing moulds, ring moulds).

(3) Moulds for hollow glassware, for insulators, etc.

(4) Shaping moulds for glassmakers’ lathes.

(5) Moulds made of steel or cast iron, used to make lens or spectacle blanks, etc.


(F) MOULDS FOR MINERAL MATERIALS

This group includes:

(1) Moulds for ceramic pastes (e.g., brick moulds, moulds for pipes or for other articles of ceramics, including moulds for artificial teeth).

(2) Moulds for moulding concrete, cement or asbestos-cement goods (tubes, vats, paving stones, flags, chimney-pots, bannisters, architectural ornaments, wall, floor or roof slabs, etc.). Also moulds for making prefabricated construction elements of reinforced or prestressed concrete (window frames, parts of vaulting beams, railway sleepers, etc.).

(3) Moulds for agglomerating abrasives into grinding wheels.

(4) Moulds for plaster, staff or stucco articles (e.g., toys, statuettes and ceiling decorations).


(G) MOULDS FOR RUBBER OR PLASTICS

This group includes:

(1) “Bladder” moulds for vulcanising tyres. These consist of two adjustable metal chill-moulds, steam or electrically heated, enclosing a kind of air-inflated ring-shaped bag (the air-bag) or hot water-inflated bag (the water-bag), which presses the tyre firmly against the mould surfaces.

(2) Moulds for moulding or vulcanising miscellaneous rubber articles.

(3) Moulds for making plastic articles, whether or not electrically or otherwise heated; they may operate by gravity, or by injection or compression.

The heading also includes preliminary tabletting moulds. These employ a cold process to consolidate the moulding powders into tablets, each of which contains the appropriate quantity of material (and are of a suitable shape and volume) ready for final moulding into the desired article.

The heading also excludes:

(a) Forms used in the manufacture of articles (e.g., gloves) by dipping the form into liquid rubber, plastics, etc. (classified according to their constituent material).

(b) Moulds made of graphite or other carbon (heading 68.15).

(c) Moulds of any kind made of ceramics (heading 69.03 or 69.09, as the case may be).

(d) Moulds made of glass (heading 70.20).

(e) Ingot moulds (heading 84.54).

(f) Moulds for the manufacture of semiconductor devices (heading 84.86).

(g) Matrices and masters for the production of records (heading 85.23).

(h) Subject to the above exclusions, moulds used on presses and other machines, for the moulding of materials other than those cited in the text of this heading (classified as parts of the machines for which they are designed).


84.81 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves.

This heading covers taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances, used on or in pipes, tanks, vats or the like to regulate the flow (for supply, discharge, etc.), of fluids (liquid, viscous or gaseous), or, in certain cases, of solids (e.g., sand). The heading includes such devices designed to regulate the pressure or the flow velocity of a liquid or a gas.

The appliances regulate the flow by opening or closing an aperture (e.g., gate, disc, ball, plug, needle or diaphragm). They may be operated by hand (by means of a key, wheel, press button, etc.), or by a motor, solenoid, clock movement, etc., or by an automatic device such as a spring, counterweight, float lever, thermostatic element or pressure capsule.

Taps, valves, etc., incorporating such mechanisms or devices remain classified in this heading. This applies, for example, to a valve equipped with a thermostatic element (double-leaf, capsule, bulb, etc.). The heading also covers valves, etc., connected to a thermostatic element by means of, for instance, a capillary tube.

Combinations consisting of a tap, valve, etc. and a thermostat, manostat or any other measuring, checking or automatically controlling instrument or apparatus of heading 90.26 or 90.32 remain in this heading if the instrument or apparatus is mounted or is designed to be mounted directly on the tap, valve, etc., and provided the combined apparatus has the essential character of an article of this heading. If not satisfying these conditions, they are classified in heading 90.26 (e.g., liquid-type pressure gauge fitted with a drain cock) or in heading 90.32.

In the case of remote-control systems, only the tap, valve, etc., is classified in this heading.

In general, taps, valves, etc., are of base metal or plastics, but those of other materials (other than unhardened vulcanised rubber, ceramics or glass) are also covered by the heading.

Taps, valves, etc., remain classified here even if incorporating other accessory features (e.g., double walls for heating or cooling purposes; short lengths of tubing; short lengths of tube ending in a shower rose; small drinking fountain bowls; locking devices).

Taps, cocks, valves, etc., remain in this heading even if specialized for use on a particular machine or apparatus, or on a vehicle or aircraft. However, certain machinery parts which incorporate a complete valve, or which regulate the flow of a fluid inside a machine although not forming a complete valve in themselves, are classified as parts of the relative machines, for example, inlet or exhaust valves for internal combustion engines (heading 84.09), slide valves for steam engines (heading 84.12), suction or pressure valves for air or other gas compressors (heading 84.14), pulsators for milking machines (heading 84.34) and non-automatic greasing nipples (heading 84.87).
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The heading includes inter alia:

(1) Pressure-reducing valves for reducing the pressure of gases and maintaining that reduced pressure at a fairly constant level by means of a plug or stopper which is generally controlled by a pressure device (diaphragm, bellows, capsule, etc.) damped by an adjustable tension spring. These appliances directly regulate the pressure of gases passing through them; they are mounted, for example, on compressed gas cylinders, on pressure containers, or on feed pipe systems of the appliances which they serve.

The heading also includes pressure-reducing valves (sometimes called pressure regulators, pressure reducers or pressure regulator-reducers), also mounted at the outlets of pressure containers, of boilers, on connecting feed pipe systems or near the appliances which they serve, to perform the same function on compressed air, steam, water, hydrocarbons or other fluids.

If combined with a pressure gauge, pressure-reducing valves fall either in this heading or in heading 90.26 depending on whether or not the combined apparatus retains the essential character of a tap, valve, etc. (see the fourth paragraph of this Explanatory Note).

(2) Valves for oleohydraulic or pneumatic transmissions. These valves, which may be of any type (pressure-reducing type, check type, etc.), are used specifically in the transmission of “ fluid power ” in a hydraulic or pneumatic system, where the energy source is supplied in the form of pressurised fluids (liquid or gas).

(3) Nonreturn valves (e.g., swing check valves and ball valves).

(4) Safety valves, relief valves, etc., whether or not incorporating a warning whistle.

Bursting discs (thin discs of plastics or metal) are used in certain cases as safety devices instead of valves; they are mounted by means of a special carrier on pipe systems or pressure vessels and burst at a specific pressure. They are classified according to the constituent material (headings 39.26, 71.15, 73.26, 74.19, 75.08, 76.16, etc.).

(5) Manifold valves (e.g., three way valves and “Christmas tree” valves).

(6) Control cocks, blow-off cocks and shut off valves, etc., for level gauges.

(7) Radiator drainage taps.

(8) Inner-tube valves.

(9) Float controlled valves.

(10) Steam traps in which the water of condensation from a steam conduit collects and which are automatically emptied (e.g., by the operation of a float). The heading also covers steam traps in which the plug or stopper is actuated by a thermostatic element (double-leaf or capsule) mounted inside the trap (thermostatically controlled steam traps).

(11) Fire-hydrants (stand pipes), fire cocks, hosepipe nozzles and the like, fitted with cocks or with valves for forming a jet or a spray.

Mechanical sprinkler heads for anti-fire installations, mechanical garden sprinkler heads and the like are excluded (heading 84.24).

(12) Mixing taps and valves, with two or more inlets and a mixing chamber. The heading also covers thermostatically controlled mixing valves incorporating an adjustable tension thermostatic element, which actuates the plugs or stoppers regulating the admission of fluids at different temperatures into the mixing chamber.

(13) Waste holes with plugs (other than simple waste holes with plugs to be inserted by hand, classified according to their constituent material).

(14) Sea cocks and other underwater valves, cocks, etc., for ships.

(15) Lubricating taps with flexible or telescopic tubes for lubricating shafts of steamships, etc.

(16) Soda-water bottle valves.

(17) Pressure spray-can lids for cans to be filled with liquid or gaseous insecticides, disinfectants, etc., under pressure, comprising a metal head fitted with a press-button displacing a needle which opens or closes the ejection orifice.

(18) Taps and cocks for fitting in the bung holes of casks, barrels, etc.

(19) Taps for bottle filling machines, designed to close automatically when the level of the liquid reaches the top of the bottle.

(20) Gas operated beer dispensing units for bar counters, consisting essentially of one or more hand-operated cocks fed by the pressure of carbon dioxide piped into the casks of beer.


PARTS

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the appliances of this heading are also classified here.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances made of unhardened vulcanised rubber (heading 40.16), ceramics (heading 69.03 or 69.09), or of glass (heading 70.17 or 70.20).

(b) U-bends for waste water in sinks, lavatories, bathrooms or the like, and also flushing cisterns whether or not equipped with their mechanism, which are classified according to their constituent material (e.g., heading 39.22, 69.10, 73.24).

(c) Centrifugal governors for steam engines (heading 84.12).

(d) Steam injector or ejector pumps (heading 84.13).

(e) Air spraying equipment, etc. (heading 84.24).

(f) Pneumatic grease guns (heading 84.67).

(g) Blowpipes for gas welding (heading 84.68).

(h) Taps combined with a measuring-out device for dispensing ice cream, spirits, milk, etc. (heading 84.79).

84.82 Ball or roller bearings.


This heading covers all ball, roller or needle roller type bearings. They are used in place of smooth metal bearings and enable friction to be considerably reduced. They are generally fitted between the bearing housing and the shaft or axle, and may be designed to give radial support (radial bearings) or to resist thrust (thrust bearings). Certain bearings may be designed for both radial and thrust support.

Normally, bearings consist of two concentric rings (races) enclosing the balls or rollers, and a cage which keeps them in place and ensures that their spacing remains constant.

The bearings classified in this heading include:

(A) Ball bearings, with single or double rows of balls. This group also includes slide mechanisms with bearing balls, for example:

(B) Roller bearings, with single or double rows of rollers of any shape (cylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped, etc.).

(C) Needle roller bearings. These differ from ordinary roller bearings in that they are bearings with cylindrical rollers of a uniform diameter not exceeding 5 mm and having a length which is at least three times the diameter. The ends of the rollers may be rounded (see Subheading Note 2 to the Chapter). These rollers are fitted between the two rings of the bearing and in most cases no cage is used.

Owing to the high pressure to which they are exposed, bearings are normally of steel (especially chromium steel), though some for particular uses are of bronze, copper or plastics.
PARTS

The heading also covers parts of ball, roller or needle roller bearings, e.g. :

(1) Polished steel balls (whether for bearings of this heading or not), the maximum and minimum diameters of which do not differ from the nominal diameter by more than 1 % or by more than 0.05 mm whichever is less; balls not conforming to this definition are classified in heading 73.26 (see Chapter Note 6).

(2) Bearing balls of copper, bronze, plastics, etc.

(3) Needles or rollers for bearings, of any shape.

(4) Rings, cages, fixing sleeves, etc.

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The heading does not cover machinery parts incorporating ball, roller or needle roller bearings; these are classified in their own appropriate headings, e.g.:

(a) Bearing housings and bearing brackets (heading 84.83).

(b) Bicycle hubs (heading 87.14).


84.83 Transmission shafts (including cam shafts and crank shafts) and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears and gearing; ball or roller screws; gear boxes and other speed changers, including torque converters; flywheels and pulleys, including pulley blocks; clutches and shaft couplings (including universal joints). The goods covered by this heading are mainly:

(i) Certain mechanical parts which are used in the transmission of power from an external power unit to one or more machines.

(ii) Certain internal parts of a machine, used to transmit power to the various parts of the same machine.


(A) TRANSMISSION SHAFTS
(INCLUDING CAM SHAFTS AND CRANK SHAFTS)
AND CRANKS
These usually transmit a rotary motive power. They include:

(1) Main shafts or driving shafts driven directly by the motor.

(2) Counter shafts, for coupling to the main shaft by belts and pulleys or by cogs, etc.; they are used to take the drive from the main shaft to a number of machines, or to different parts of a machine.

(3) Articulated shafts, consisting of two or more shafts connected by ball and socket joints, etc.

(4) Flexible shafts which transmit the motion of a driving unit to, e.g., hand tools, measuring instruments (revolution counters, speedometers, etc.).

(5) Cranks and crank shafts. These may be either made in one piece or assembled from several parts. They receive a reciprocating motion (e.g., from a piston engine) and convert it into rotary movement, or vice versa.

(6) Cam shafts and eccentric shafts.

The heading does not cover simple axles which do not transmit power but merely support a wheel or other revolving part.

It also excludes:

(a) Bars of iron or steel of uniform cross-section (heading 72.14 or 72.15).

(b) Simple lengths of twisted wire for the manufacture of flexible drives, not fitted with coupling attachments (heading 73.12).

(c) Oscillating connecting-rods for transmitting motion to cutter bars of lawn mowers or grass cutters (heading 84.33).


(B) BEARING HOUSINGS AND PLAIN SHAFT BEARINGS
Bearing housings consist of a frame or block designed to house the plain, ball, roller, etc., bearing in which (or, in the case of a thrust bearing, against which) the ends of a shaft or axle turn. They usually consist of two parts which, when fitted together, form a ring to hold the bearing. They may incorporate means of lubricating the bearing.

They also often incorporate a chair, plate, bracket, etc., by which they can be fixed to the machine, or to a wall or other part of a building; but chairs, plates, brackets, etc., not incorporating a bearing housing (nor themselves designed to house a bearing) are classified according to the constituent material (usually heading 73.25 or 73.26).

Bearing housings incorporating ball, roller or needle roller bearings remain classified in this heading; but ball, roller or needle roller bearings presented separately fall in heading 84.82.

On the other hand plain shaft bearings are classified in this heading even if they are presented without housings. They consist of rings of anti-friction metal or other material (e.g., sintered metal or plastics). They may be in one piece or in several pieces clamped together, and form a smooth bearing in which a shaft or axle turns.

The heading does not include graphite or other carbon bearings (heading 68.15).


(C) GEARS AND GEARING INCLUDING FRICTION GEARS
AND CHAIN SPROCKETS
The basic gear is the toothed wheel, cylinder, cone, rack or worm, etc. In an assembly of such gears, the teeth of one engage with the teeth of another so that the rotary movement of the first is transmitted to the next, and so on. According to the relative number of teeth in the separate units, the rotary movement may be transmitted at the same rate, or at a faster or slower rate; according to the type of gear and the angle at which it meshes with the next, the direction of transmission may be changed, or a rotary movement converted into a linear movement or vice versa (as with a rack and pinion).

The group covers all types of gears including simple cog wheels, bevel gears, conical gears, helical gears, worms, rack and pinion gears, differential gears, etc., and assemblies of such gears. It also covers toothed and similar wheels for use with transmission chains.
The group also covers friction gears. These are wheels, discs or cylinders, which, when mounted one on the driving shaft and one on the driven shaft, transmit the movement by friction between them. They are usually of cast iron, in certain cases being covered with leather, wood, bonded fibres or other material to increase the friction.


(D) BALL OR ROLLER SCREWS

Ball or roller screws consist of a threaded shaft and a nut with bearing balls or rollers distributed along the path between the threads on its inner surface; these devices enable rotary motion to be converted into linear motion, and viceversa.


(E) GEAR BOXES AND OTHER SPEED CHANGERS,
INCLUDING TORQUE CONVERTERS
These provide a range of speeds which can be varied, either by hand or automatically, according to the requirements of the machine. They include, inter alia:

(1) Gear-boxes consisting of assemblies of gears which can be selected in alternative arrangements; the speed of transmission can thus be varied according to the arrangement of gears set.

(2) Friction disc or friction cone couplings and couplings with chains or driving belts, in which a disc, a cone, a chain or a belt is in contact with a friction wheel whose position, relative to the centre of the disc or the ends of the cone, can be varied automatically (or as required), and so controls the speed of rotation transmitted.

(3) Variable speed fluid couplings, including hydraulic torque converters. Variations are obtained by the rotation of vanes of the driving element in a fluid (generally oil) against fixed or movable vanes of the driven element. Power is transmitted either by pressure (hydrostatic changers) or by flux (hydrodynamic changers or torque converters).

The heading does not cover gear boxes or other variable speed changers combined with a motor; these are classified in the same heading as the motor.

(F) FLYWHEELS
These are relatively large, heavy wheels, usually constructed so that the weight is concentrated near the rim. The inertia of the wheel as it turns tends to resist any change in speed of the motor and so keeps the speed constant. Flywheels may in some cases have a grooved or cogged rim, or be fitted with connecting-rods, so that in certain circumstances they can act for the transmission of power (e.g., as a driving pulley or cog wheel).

(G) PULLEYS, INCLUDING PULLEY BLOCKS
Pulleys consist of wheels, sometimes with a grooved rim, which transmit rotary movement from one to another by means of an endless belt or rope revolving in contact between them. The heading covers simple pulleys, drums (wide pulleys), conical pulleys, stepped pulleys, etc.

The group also covers pulley blocks for hoists, etc., and free pulleys which do not transmit any power themselves but simply act as a guide or turning post for a transmission rope or cable (e.g., idlers and jockey wheels used to regulate the tension of driving belts).

An assembly of two or more pulley blocks (i.e., a hoist) is, however, excluded (heading 84.25).


(H) CLUTCHES
These are used to connect or disconnect the drive at will. They include :

Friction clutches in which rotating discs, rings, cones, etc. with friction surfaces, can be engaged or disengaged; dog (or claw) clutches in which the opposing members have projections and corresponding slots; automatic centrifugal clutches which engage or disengage according to the speed of rotation; compressed air clutches; hydraulic clutches; etc.

Electro-magnetic clutches, however, are excluded (heading 85.05).


(IJ) SHAFT COUPLINGS (INCLUDING UNIVERSAL JOINTS)
These include sleeve couplings, flange couplings, flexible couplings, hydraulic couplings, etc., and universal couplings (such as Cardan joints and Oldham couplings).

PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading also covers parts of the goods covered by this heading.
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The heading also excludes:

(a) Pieces roughly shaped by forging, of heading 72.07.

(b) Transmission equipment of the kinds described above (gear boxes, transmission shafts, clutches, differentials, etc.), but which are designed for use solely or principally with vehicles or aircraft (Section XVII); it should, however, be noted that this exclusion does not apply to internal parts of vehicle or aircraft engines - these parts remain classified in this heading.

Thus a crank shaft or a cam shaft remains in this heading even if it is specialised for a motor car engine; but motor car transmission (propeller) shafts, gear boxes and differentials fall in heading 87.08.

It should further be noted that transmission equipment of the type described in this heading remains classified here even if it is specially designed for ships.

(c) Parts of clocks or watches (heading 91.14).


84.84 Gaskets and similar joints of metal sheeting combined with other material or of two or more layers of metal; sets or assortments of gaskets and similar joints, dissimilar in composition, put up in pouches, envelopes or similar packings; mechanical seals.


(A) GASKETS AND SIMILAR JOINTS OF METAL SHEETING
COMBINED WITH OTHER MATERIAL
OR OF TWO OR MORE LAYERS OF METAL

These are composed of:

(i) A core of asbestos (or sometimes felt, cardboard or other non-metallic material) sandwiched between two metal sheets.

or (ii) Asbestos or other non-metallic materials cut to shape, and with metal sheeting folded along the outer edges and around the edges of any holes punched in the gasket or joint.

or (iii) Layers or metal foil (of the same metal or of dissimilar metals) pressed together.

They are mainly used in certain motors or pumps, or for certain pipe joints.

But the heading excludes gaskets and joints of asbestos board reinforced with metal wire or metal gauze (heading 68.12), unless forming part of a set or assortment covered by the second part of this heading.


(B) SETS OR ASSORTMENTS OF GASKETS AND SIMILAR JOINTS

Such sets or assortments of any material (agglomerated cork, leather, rubber, textiles, paperboard, asbestos, etc.) are classified here when put up in pouches, envelopes, boxes, etc., provided that the gaskets or joints are not all of the same material.

To be classified here, the sets and assortments must contain at least two gaskets or joints of different material. Therefore a pouch, envelope, box, etc., containing, for example, five gaskets all made of paperboard, is not covered by the heading but is classified in heading 48.23; but if the set also included a rubber gasket it would fall in this heading.


(C) MECHANICAL SEALS

Mechanical seals (e.g., sliding-ring seals and spring-ring seals) constitute mechanical assemblies which form a leakproof joint between flat, rotating surfaces to prevent high-pressure leakage in the machine or apparatus on which they are mounted, resisting the pressure and stress exerted on them by moving components or due to vibrations, etc.

The structure of these seals is generally fairly complex. They comprise:

(i) fixed parts which, when the seal is placed, become integral with the machine or apparatus; and

(ii) movable parts: rotating elements, spring elements, etc.

It is specifically on account of these movable parts that the articles are called “mechanical seals”.

These seals act as anti-vibration devices, bearings, actual seals and, in some cases, as unions.

These seals have numerous applications, including in pumps, compressors, mixers, agitators and turbines; they are produced from a variety of materials and in various configurations.

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The heading does not cover:

(a) Gaskets or joints, other than the composite types incorporating metal sheeting or foil, which do not comply with the conditions set out in (B) above; these are generally classified according to their constituent material.

(b) Machinery packing (e.g., of asbestos cord heading 68.12).

(c) Oil seal rings of heading 84.87.


[84.85]

84.86 Machines and apparatus of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture of semiconductor boules or wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits or flat panel displays; machines and apparatus specified in note 9 (C) to this Chapter; parts and accessories.


This heading covers machines and apparatus of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture of semiconductor boules or wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits or flat panel displays. However, this heading excludes machines and apparatus for measuring, checking, inspecting, chemical analysis, etc. (Chapter 90).


(A) MACHINES AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
BOULES OR WAFERS

This group covers machines and apparatus for the manufacture of boules or wafers such as:


(1) One-melt furnaces for zone melting and refining of silicon rods, oxidation furnaces for oxidizing the surface of wafers and diffusion furnaces for doping the wafers with impurities.


(2) Crystal growers and pullers for the production of extremely pure monocrystalline semiconductor boules from which wafers can be sliced.


(3) Crystal grinders, which grind the crystal boule to precise diameter required for wafers and to grind the flats on the boule to indicate the conductivity type and resistivity of the crystal.


(4) Wafer slicing saws, which slice wafers from a boule of monocrystalline semiconductor material.


(5) Wafer grinders, lappers and polishers, which prepare the semiconductor wafer for the fabrication process. This involves bringing the wafer within dimensional tolerances. Especially critical is the flatness of its surface.


(6) Chemical mechanical polishers (CMP), which flatten and polish a wafer by combining chemical removal with mechanical buffing.

(B) MACHINES AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES OR OF ELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS


This group covers machines and apparatus for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or of electronic integrated circuits such as:


(1) Film formation equipment, which apply or produce various films on the surface of the wafer during the fabrication process. These films serve as conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the finished device. They may include oxides and nitrides of the substrate surface, metals, and epitaxial layers. The processes and equipments listed below are not necessarily limited to the generation of a particular type of film.

(2) Doping equipment, which introduce dopants into the wafer surface in order to modify the conductivity or other characteristics of a semiconductor layer such as:



(3) Etching and stripping equipment for etching or cleaning surfaces of the wafers such as :

(4) Lithography equipment, which transfer the circuit designs to the photoresist-coated surface of the semiconductor wafer such as:



(5) Equipment for developing exposed wafers. These include chemical baths similar to those used in photographic laboratory applications.

This heading also covers:


(i) Centrifuges for spin-coating insulating substrate or wafers with photoresist.


(ii) Screen printers for printing insulating substrate with etch-resisting ink.


(iii) Laser scribing machines for dividing wafers into chips (dicing).


(iv) Wafer dicing saws.



(C) MACHINES AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS

This group covers the fabrication of substrates into a flat panel. However, it does not cover the manufacture of glass or the assembly of printed circuit boards or other electronic components onto the flat panel.


This heading covers machines and apparatus for the manufacture of flat panel displays such as:


(1) Apparatus for etching, developing, stripping or cleaning.


(2) Apparatus for projection, drawing or plating circuit patterns.


(3) Centrifugal spin dryers and other drying appliances.


(4) Machines (spinners) designed to coat photographic emulsions.


(5) Ion implanters for doping.


(6) Furnaces, ovens and other equipment for diffusion, oxidation, annealing or rapid heating.


(7) Chemical Vapour Deposition and Physical Vapour Deposition apparatus.


(8) Machines for grinding and polishing.


(9) Machines for sawing, scribing or scoring.



(D) MACHINES AND APPARATUS SPECIFIED IN
NOTE 9 (C) TO THIS CHAPTER

This group covers machines and apparatus solely or principally of a kind used for:


(1) the manufacture or repair of masks and reticles (e.g., appliances (photoplotters) for the photographic production of photomasks and ion milling machines for the repair of masks and reticles);


(2) assembling semiconductor devices or electronic integrated circuits, e.g. :


(3) lifting, handling, loading or unloading of boules, wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits and flat panel displays (e.g., automated material handling machines for transport, handling and storage of semiconductor wafers, wafer cassettes, wafer boxes and other material for semiconductor devices).



(E) PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), the heading includes parts and accessories for the machines and apparatus of this heading. Parts and accessories falling in this heading thus include, inter alia, work or tool holders and other special attachments which are solely or principally used for the machines and apparatus of this heading.


84.87 Machinery parts, not containing electrical connectors, insulators, coils, contacts or other electrical features, not specified or included elsewhere in this Chapter.
This heading covers all non-electrical parts of machinery, other than:

(a) Those specially designed for use solely or principally with a particular machine (including a machine of heading 84.79 or 85.43, of Section XVII, Chapter 90, etc.) and therefore classified in the same heading as that particular machine (or, where a separate heading is provided, in that separate heading).

(b) Parts covered by heading 84.81 to 84.84.

(c) Parts covered more specifically by other headings of the Nomenclature or excluded by Note 1 to Section XVI or Note 1 to Chapter 84, for example, transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of plastics (Chapter 39); transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of vulcanised rubber (heading 40.10), and other parts made of unhardened vulcanised rubber (heading 40.16); parts made of leather or of composition leather (heading 42.05); transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of textile material (heading 59.10), and other machinery parts made of textile material (heading 59.11); parts made of ceramics or of glass (Chapter 69 or 70); machinery parts made wholly of precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) (Chapter 71); screws, chains, springs and other parts of general use as defined in Note 2 to Section XV; brushes (heading 96.03).

In general, therefore, the goods of this heading are such as can be recognised as being parts of machines, but not as parts of any particular machine. Subject to these conditions, the heading includes non-automatic lubricating pots; greasing nipples; hand wheels, levers and hand grips; safety guards and baseplates; and oil seal rings. These rings, which are generally of circular cross-section, have a fairly simple structure (a flexible rubber ring and a metal reinforcement assembled by vulcanisation, for example), characterised by the absence of movable parts. They are used in a large number of machines or apparatus to prevent leaks of oil or gas or to prevent dust, etc., from entering, by sealing the surfaces to be joined.

The heading also covers propellers and paddle-wheels for ships or boats.




ULTIMO CAMBIO D.O.F.